Killing for Christ is not homicide.
Killing a pagan is to win glory.
EUROPEAN & ASIAN HISTORY 1160 - 1199
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1100
Theoderic (1100-1102) is elected pope by the Pope Clement supporters. Pope Paschall II captured and imprisoned him after only 105-day reign. The Pope Clement party immediately elected Pope Albert or Adalbert (1101-1101). Some of his followers succumbed to bribery and turned him over to Pope Paschal II for imprisonment. About this time the cardinal priests and cardinal bishops are becoming the College of Cardinals or the corporate political body of the Roman church.
1101
Emperor Huizong of China reigned (1101-1125) in The Northern Song.
1103
The first recorded use of fireworks is note in China.
1105
Silvester IV alias Maginulf (1105-1111) is elected pope by Roman aristocracy who claimed Pope Paschal II is guilty of simony and heresy. Bloody fighting erupted in Rome as Pope Paschall II tried to regain Rome. When Silvesters money ran out so did his support and he had to abandon the city.
1106
King Henry I (1100-1135) invaded Normandy and captured King Robert. Geoffrey Plantagennet is married to Marilda the daughter of King Henry I and they rule Anjou that is south and west of Normandy.
1116
Pope Paschal II (1099-1118) is driven out of Rome by rioting and again by Emperor Henry V in 1117. The future pope Gregory VIII (1118-1140) accompanied the Emperor into Rome.
1117
Hugues de Payens (d-1136) established the Knights of Templar vowing poverty, chastity and obedience, living monastic lives and waging war on the enemies of the cross.
1118
Gelasius II (1118-1119) of the Pope Paschal party is elected pope in Sta Maria in Pallara. He is immediately brutally attacked and imprisoned by Cencius Frangipani head of the Patrician family who detested Paschal. The Romans led by the city prefect set him free. Emperor Henry V (1106-1125) marched on Rome forcing Pope Gelasius to flee to his native Gaeta. The Emperor installed Gregory VIII (1118-1140) as pope. Pope Gelasius unable to regain Rome withdrew to France.
King Baldwin I of Jerusalem died this year and King Baldwin II succeed him. A group of nine French knights presented themselves to King Baldwin II of the Jerusalem Kingdom. These knights would swiftly grow into on of the most powerful organizations. The called themselves the Poor Knights of Jesus Christ. They took a vow of chastity, obedience and poverty with a mission to protect the roads to the Holy Land especially the pilgrims. They lived in the Temple of King Solomon, Jerusalem. They changed their name to the Knights of the Temple of Solomon and this is shortened to Knights Templer. Those Monk Knight Templers are a religious order but they are licensed to kill. The Templers are a secret religious order. Some believe they believed in some of the Gnostic philosophy including the outlawed female goddess Sofia of wisdom
1119
Callistus II (1119-1124) related to the royal houses of German, French and English and an anti-Paschal is appointed pope. Emperor Henry V changed his support allowing Pope Gregory VIII to be sent into exile.
1120
The French crusaders who controlled Jerusalem married Syrian and Armenian Christians or even baptized Saracens. Fulcher de Chartes wrote they are no longer Frenchmen but Palestinians who are accepted as fellow countrymen. The local Christian churches are treated with contemptuous tolerance by the Latin Christian churches. The French Kingdom of Jerusalem however retained French as the language of administration and the ruling class claimed to be French, yet they embraced many Moslem customs including the veiling of their women.
This year the Knights of Templars had a rival, the Order of the Hospital of St. John the Baptist (Hospitallers or Knights of Malta). Friar Raymond du Puy in Jerusalem succeeds Gerard the founder as master this year. This Religious Order didn't become military until 1136. St. Bernard made it possible for them to take up the sword. They differed from the Templars in that women are allowed into the order.
1123
Documents refer to Huges de Payens as the Master of the Knights of the Temple (Templars) although it wouldn't de endorsed by the Christian council until 1128. The first time in Christian history soldiers would live as monks. Killing for Christ is not homicide, to kill a pagan is to win glory, so wrote St. Bernard a supporting founder of the order. Isaac of Etoile an English mystic wrote that the order of the fifth gospel (Templars) that force infidel to accept the faith at the point of the sword could be an occasion of many future evils.
1124
Honorius II (1124-1130) is elected pope but it’s a turbulent one. The Pierleoni family and Frangipani family tangled at sword point during the election. The cardinals are also split over this election. Celestine II alias Teobaldo (1124-1126) is also elected pope. The Frangipani family attacked the new pope striking severe wounds to the new pope. He is neither forced nor persuaded to resign.
King David I (1124-1153) began the practice of establishing Anglo-Norman families in Scotland. Of the early charters none survived except the Annandale charter that gave 200,000 acres to the Bruces.
1126
Emperor Qinzong of China reigned (1126-1127) thus ending The Northern Song Dynasty.
The Song Empire in China is forced to retreat south of the Tangtze River due to expansion of the Chin Empire to the north being pressured by Mongol horsemen even further to the north. The Song created a vast navy to protect their new Tangtze River boundary.
St. Bernard of France the most powerful of Church members endorsed the Knights Templer and the obscure Religious Order rapidly grew in stature and numbers. They became one of the wealthiest of the Religious Orders.
1127
The Southern Song Dynasty is (1127-1279)
Emperor Gaozong of China reigned (1127-1162) of The Southern Song Dynasty.
1130
Innocent II alias Gregorio Papareschi (1130-1143) a Roman
is clandestinely elected pope by a minority of cardinals. When the
majority of cardinals got the news they refused to accept the coup and
this suggest Innocent is an anti-pope. The majority of the cardinals
and people elected Anacletus II alias Pietro Pierleoni (1130-1138) of Jewish
ancestry as the rightful pope. Once elected Pope Anacletus dominated
Rome through the wealth, influence and weapons of his family. Both
popes are consecrated on the same day resulting in an eight-year schism.
Pope Anacletus aligned with Norman Roger II (1095-1154) who he granted
the crown to Sicily, Apulia and Calabria. Pope Innocent fled to France
but is recognized as pope except in Scotland, Aquitaine and southern Italy.
His allies included Louis VI of France (1108-1137) and Henry I of England
(1100-1135). King Lothair III (1125-1137) also is swayed to Pope
Innocent.
The Holy Knights Templer with their newfound wealth and recruits returned
to the Holy Lands to smite the infidels.
1133
Pope Innnocent II convinced King Lothair III (1125-1137) the German to march on Rome. Rome could not be taken and Pope Innocent fled to Pisa.
1134
Alfons lo Batallador died leaving his Kingdom of Aragon, Spain to the Templars, the Hospitallers and the Canons of the Holy Sepulchre.
1139
The Roman Catholic Church under Pope Innocent II the anti-pope (1130-1143) entrenched mandatory celibacy among priests. Prior to this time priests, many Popes and the apostles themselves are allowed to marry. Two other popes existed at this time Pope Anacletus II (1130-1138) and Pope Victor IV (1138-1139). Any Church rulings during this period must be questioned.
1143
Celestine II alias Guido (1143-1144) a supporter of Pope Innocent and recommended by him is elected pope.
1144
Lucius II alias Gherardo Caccianemici (1144-1145) is elected Pope. Rome established a senate independent of the Holy See. Giordano Pierleoni brother of Pope Anacletus II became leader of the senate called Patrician of Rome. The people of Rome are demanding independence from ecclesiastical control and the restriction of the clergy to spiritual functions. Pope Lucius decided to take up arms with himself at the head of the army to revolt against the senate. His assault on the Roman capital is unsuccessful. He is injured in the assault and died shortly thereafter.
Somerled (d-1164) (meaning summer sailor) of Iona a Viking-Gaelic mixed blood married the daughter of Olaf the Black a Viking King of the Isles and King of Man. He acquired the Lorn of Argyle as his share of his paternal possession and the southern portion of the Isle of Man through this marriage. They had two sons, Dugall (MacDougal) and Angus Og (MacDonald). Somerled (d-1164) is known as a conspicuous disturber of the peace.
1145
Eugene III alias Bernardo Pignatelli (1145-1153) is elected immediately following the death of Pope Lucius and only later heard that he is pope. Pope Eugene refused to accept the popular commune that rejected the pope’s temporal powers so he consecrated at Farfa 40km north of Rome and resided at Viterbo. A bull on December 1, to Louis VII of France proclaimed a second Holy Crusade (war) against the Turks and Byzantium.
Some contend the second Holy War led by Louis VII was (1145-1147) while others suggest it was (1147-1149)
1146
Pope Eugine III traveled to France to forward the Crusade but his secret mission is to seek the help of Conrad III of Germany (1138-1152) and Roger II of Sicily (1095-1154) to conduct a Holy War against the rebellious Romans. Conrad III however wanted to join the French against the Turks and Byzantium.
1147
The second Holy War (1147-1149) passed through Constantinople the on to Antioch. It is the most impressive crusade in scope but it failed.
St. Bernard summoned all Germans to a crusade against the Wend people who lived across the Elbe River.
Emperor Alfonso VII captured Calatrava, Spain and entrusted it to the Templar Order of Knights.
1148
Pope Eugine III (1145-1153) excommunicated Arnold of Brescia (d-1155) because he allied himself with the Rome commune and denounced the pope as a man of blood.
1150
Islam reaches the Philippine Islands and Borneo.
The Maori the indigenous Polynesian people arrived New Zealand about this time.
1152
Pope Eugine III (1145-1153) finally reached an understanding with the Roman Senate and they allowed him to be installed precariously in Rome.
Louis VII obtained an annulment of his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine on the grounds of her misconduct with 19 year old Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Normandy.
1153
Matilda of Anjou called a truce to her nineteen-year war with England provided her son Henry II would be made king of England and Normandy. Henry II became king 1154 and died 1189. Anastasius IV alias Corrado (1153-1154) a Roman is elected pope. This pope established Peter's Pence through the efforts of the next Pope Hadrian IV (1154-1159) in Norway and Sweden.
Somerled (d-1164) Gaelic and Norse by birth (ancestor of clan Dougall and Donald) allied with Donald MacHeth in a rebellion against King David I (1124-1153) of Scotland. He also quarreled with the Norse King of Man.
1154
Hadrian IV alias Nicholas Breakspear (1154-1159) an Englishman is unanimously elected pope. The community had complained of his excessive strictness. Western France with rebellious vassals split into small feudal enclaves Brittany, Maine, Anjou, and Poitou. The Greek and Russian Orthodox churches split from the Roman Catholic Church over the issue of original sin. Pope Gregory I (590-604), the Great who emphatically stated that Christ alone is conceived without sin, the sex act always involved sin, Mary is therefore conceived in sin and committed actual sin; the New Testament said so. The Roman Catholic Church reversed Pope Gregory's doctrine and insisted that Mary is without original sin, to state otherwise would be to make Christ appear all too human. As a result the Greek's are considered heretics and traitors not to be trusted by true Christians. The hostility of the Greeks towards the Latin's is great and continues into the twenty-first century.
The Knights of Templar and Hospitallier are the greatest landowners in the country. The Templars are also the bankers of Jerusalem including the issue of bills of exchange. The Templars conveyed 6,000 pilgrims each year to the Holy Land. They could be trusted not to sell the passengers into slavery as did some Italian merchants. They exported spices, silk, dyes, porcelain and glass taking full advantage of their customs dues exemption. The local Bishops and clergy wrangled with the Orders over dues, tithes and jurisdictions. The Patriarch of Jerusalem traveled to Rome to ask the Pope to place the military orders under his authority. Pope Hadrian IV (1154-1159) upheld their independence and any financial obligation from the local church. Jacques de Vitry said the Templars owned no individual property, but in common they seemed anxious to possess everything. Pope Hadrian IV (1154-1159) called the Templars the new Mackabees. They had an extensive spy network and employed assassins using poisoned knife, flat cakes being their trademark and terrorized Moslems and Christians alike.
1155
Pope Hadrian IV (1154-1159) approached the German King Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190) to conduct a Holy War against the Romans and William I of Sicily (1154-1160) who he said had attacked the papacy. The pope had Arnold of Brescia arrested and executed but could never bring the Roman commune to heel.
1156
Pope Hadrian IV committed treason and alienated himself from the majority of the cardinals by making William I of Sicily King of southern Italy with special rights over the church.
1158
The Templar Order abandoned the fortress of Calatrava, Spain fearing their ability to defend their position. The Cistercian abbot, Ramon Sierra offered to defend Calatrava and is accepted. The Knights of Calatrava as an Order is created.
1159
Alexander III alias Orlando Bandinelli (1159-1181) a pro Viking and anti Roman is elected pope but had to flee for his life. There are violent scenes because it had been agreed that the election must be unanimous and many cardinals did not agree with the decision. Victor IV alias Ottaviano (1159-1164) is elected pope with the support of the Roman Senate and the people of Rome, causing an 18-year schism.
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