The French appoint all senior Church officials.
The Pope is not allowed to issue a Papal Bull without the approval of Spain.
Martin Luther speaks out about the sale of indulgences.

EUROPEAN & ASIAN HISTORY 1525 - 1541

EUROPEAN & ASIAN HISTORY Return to EUROPEAN & ASIA INDEX 1500 - 1599

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1500  

Edinburgh, Scotland aka Eiden's Fort had an sub city below the present city that housed the poor and Irish immigrants.  The sub city had no sewer system and the people lived in filth and the death rate at times was as high as 70%.  The underground slum city existed for over 350 years starting about this time.  These folks were trapped in poverty, crime, living in darkness and misery, largely a forgotten people.

Paris, Milan, Venice and Naples are the only cities in Europe with populations exceeding 100,000 people.  The Crimean Tartars of the Black Sea region are staging slave-hunting raids as far north as Moscow.

At the request of Maximilian I, the Augsburg Reichstag declares Gypsy (Roma) traitors to the Christian countries, and accuses them of witchcraft, kidnapping of children, and banditry.

1501  

Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) and his son Bishop Cesare Borgia began a systematic crushing of the Great Roman families to acquire their lands using assassination to achieve their ends.  Bishop Cesare Borgia is a very cruel commander.  Many of the families believed that Pope Alexander VI used a family poison to remove his enemies.

The Papal Bull Erasmus; Enchirdion Militis Christiani orders the burning of books against the authority of the church.

The Oliveriana Map of 1504-1510 suggests Newfoundland might have been visited in 1501 or 1502.

1502  

A German peasantry uprising occurred in the southwest.  The peasantry demanded that corrupt priests must be driven out, life under the old divine law where men are equal must be restored.  Troops put down the rebellion but it would rise again in 1517 even larger.

A Turkic Khan overruns the last remnant of the withered Mongol Golden Horde this year.
King Ferdinand (1479-1516) of Spain formed an alliance with King Louis XII (1498-1515) of France to expel the King Federigo of Naples, Italy.  The Spanish-French army marched into Rome and Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) declared King Federigo deposed and invested Kings Ferdinand and Louis with the Kingdom.  The French took Capua and the Spanish Taranto.  France and Spain went to war over the spoils.

1503  

Pope Alexander (1492-1503) and his son Bishop Cesare Borgis are believed victims of poison intended for a Cardinal who was their host at dinner that is mistakenly given to themselves.  The son survived but the Pope died.  Pius III alias Francesco Todeschini (1503-1503) a nephew of Pope Pius II is elected pope and died ten days later.  Julius II alias Giuliano della Rovere (1503-1513) nephew of Pope Sixtus IV with the help of lavish promises and bribes is unanimously elected pope.  As a cardinal he fathered three daughters and is nicknamed Il Terriblee.  The Pope ordered the burning at the stake of a Monk who made the prophecy that the Roman Catholic Church would begin to crumble.

Michel de Nostradame (1503-1566) the great prophet of Jewish and Christian ancestry is born in Provence, France.  Christianity is forced on the family by the edict of September 26, 1501 that forced all Jews to become Christian within three months or leave Provence.

Giuliano della Rovere in his lust for power held eight bishoprics in four different countries, besides various abbeys.  He became Pope Julius II (1503-1513) and is named the warrior-diplomat-pope.  Voltaire's famous quip, "the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman nor an Empire."  It is a confused, corrupt conglomerate containing more than 2,000 knights who owed allegiance to none.

October 30:  Queen Isabella of Spain banned violence against Indians but few listened.

1504  

Spain defeated France at Gaeta in the Italy campaign.  Spain controlled southern Italy as well as Sicily and the French held Milan in northern Italy.  The southern half of Italy remained for the next two centuries a possession of Spain.

Roma are prohibited by Louis XII from living in France. The punishment is banishment.

1505  

Pope Julius II (1503-1513) issued a bull declaring papal elections nullified by simony effectively nullifying his own election thereby making him an anti-pope.

Gypsy (Roma) are recorded in Scotland, probably from Spain.

1506 

Wuzong of China with a Reign Title of Zhengde, Reigned (1506-1521) of the Ming Dynesty.

Francis Xavier (1506-1552) as a knight of Spanish-Rome evangelized India and Japan.  Anti-pope Julius II (1503-1513) in full armor led his troops to conquer Perugia and Bologna.

May 20:  Valladolid, Spain, death/buried Christopher Columbus aka don Cristobal Colon, b-1451. 

1509  

John Calvin (Jean Cauvin) (1509-1564) is born in Noyon, Northern France.  He would witness the excommunication of his father and brother for allegedly flirting with forbidden ideas.  King Henry VII (1485-1509) died and Henry VIII (1509-1547) became King, he is a cruel, wasteful and self-centered individual.  At this time Spain is the most powerful nation in Europe because it is united with the Holy Roman Empire which controlled much of central Europe and is in possession of southern Italy.  France is now much more powerful than England.  Pope Julius II (1503-1513) joined the League of Cambrai between France, Germany and Spain excommunicating Venice.  Marching on Venice they are forced to give up Rimini and Faenza including taxation to the pope.  The Pope began conspired with Venice and Spain against France.

Bartolome de Las Casas the Roman Catholic Bishop at Chiapas, Spain proposes that each Spanish settler to America should being a certain number of slaves.  This proposal marks the start of the infamous African/American slave trade.

1510  

Anti-pope Julius II first attacked Ferrara an ally of France, then he seized Modena and captured Mirandola in 1511.  Louis XII of France (1498-1515) retaliated by capturing Bologna and calling for a synod to depose the Pope.

King Ferdinard of Spain authorized the purchase of 250 African slaves in Lisbon for his territories in New Spain.  This begun one of the most brutal colonial slavery cultures. 

Gypsy (Roma) are prohibited by the Grand Council of France from residence. The punishment is banishment. A second offence results in hanging.

1511  

The synod of Pisa suspended Pope Julius II.  The pope retaliated by forming a Holy Roman League of Venice, Spain and Henry VIII of England (1509-1547) against the French.

1512  

Anti-pope Julius II Holy Roman League army is severely defeated at Ravenna but the arrival of the Spanish and Swiss army forced the French to quit Italy.  Parma, Piacenza, and Reggio Emilia are added to the Spanish Papal State.  Spain effectively controlled all Italy.  A Papal Bull is issued declaring King Jean D'Albert of Navarre (Spain) deposed and grants the territories to the first who should occupy them.  King Ferdinand (1479-1516) of Spain and his son-in-law Henry VIII allied to recovery the former English possession of Gascony in southern France while King Ferdinard claimed Navarre for Spain.  Historians (likely French) said there is nothing of the priest about the pope except the dress and name.

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1513) a Polish astronomer and mathematician proposed the sun is the center of the solar system and not the earth.  He also proposed the orbits of the planets are irregular.  The church believed that angles caused planetary motion and irregularity is against divine order.  The church would ban his work for over two hundred years.

Gypsy (Roma) are first recorded in Sweden on 29 September. A company of about 30 families, lead by a "Count Anthonius" arrives in Stockholm, claiming that they came from "Little Egypt". They are welcomed by the city and given lodging and money for their stay. A few years later, King Gustav Vasa (1521-1560), suspects that the Roma are spies and orders that they be driven out from the country.

1513  

Henry VIII (1509-1547) army destroyed the Scottish army at Flodden, and James IV, married to Henry's daughter Margaret is killed along with twenty Scottish nobles.  Henry would also march against James V who is badly defeated and died shortly there after.

A Turkish map of the world includes South America, West Indies, and Africa includes a note how a Genoese infidel Columbo pestered the Spanish king for ships.

Leo X alias Giovanni de Medici (1513-1521) a commander in the papal army is elected pope some say without the use of simony.  His objective is to make Spanish-Italy and his own Florence free from foreign domination and to advance his family influence outside Florence.

1514  

Pope Leo X (1513-1521) renewed the system of sale of indulgence for the reconstruction of St. Peter's.  April 16 Cardinal Thomas Bakocz published a papal bull calling for a Hungarian Crusade against the Turks.  The Hungarian King had already concluded peace with the Turks and the Hungarian lords saw no reason for the Pope to encourage the surfs to abandon their duties in the fields.  On May 23 the King ordered the Crusade suspended and ordered the surfs to return to the land.  The peasant army of one hundred thousand refused to disband and swarmed across the country slaughtering the Lords.  Janos Zapolya lead an army that crushed the peasant army leaving more than seventy thousand dead as a result of the Papal error.

King Ferdinand (1479-1516)of Spain forbid the publication of any papal bull or rescript in Spain without preliminary examination by the Royal Council and without Royal approval.  This order remained in force permanently and is enforced with utmost vigor.

Selim I the Turk defeated the Persians (Iran) and in 1515 conquered Armenia and Kurdistan.

1515  

Francis I (1515-1547) defeated the Vatican's Holy Roman League at Marignano recovering Milan for France.  Pope Leo X (1513-1521) met with the king of Bologna and agreed to a settlement surrendering Parma and Piacenza but saving Florence intact for his Medici family.  A concordat with France allowed the French crown to nominate all higher church offices and reserving only lesser offices to the pope.

1516  

Syria fell to the Turkish army this year as the Ottoman Empire expanded south toward Egypt.  The first Jewish quarter to be called a Ghetto is created in Venice about this time.

Charles I (Habsburg) of Ghent (1500-1558) a Flemish boy raised in Flanders became King of Spain.  He appointed Guillaume de Croy a Flemish boy the office of Archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain the most powerful Church position except the pope.

1517  

Turkey occupied Egypt and the Holy places of Mecca.  Sultan Selim I take control of Jerusalem, yet very few Ottoman Turks settle in the city.  They pressed on taking Algeria by 1519.

A number of cardinals plotted to poison Pope Leo X (1513-1521) and their leader Alfonso Petrucci is executed and several others are imprisoned.  Pope Leo then packed the sacred college by creating 31 new cardinals.

October 31 at the castle church of Wittenberg, Germany, Martin Luther (1483-1546) a Saxon professor of divinity posted his ninety-five theses or arguments calling for a disputation on the abuses of the traffic in indulgences.   It is noteworthy that Pope Julius II (1503-1513) (Giuliano de la Rovere), son Pope Sixtus IV (1471-1484) (six other sons are made Cardinals and Bishops).  He is anxious to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome and is selling indulgences that forgave the purchaser's sins and excused him from punishment.  A deacon guilty of murder as an example could be absolved for twenty crowns, an abbot or Bishop for assassinating a foe three hundred livre, and to anyone else who cared to buy them.  Any civil magistrate who tried to stop them is excommunicated, losing all rights as a man or citizen.

1518  

License to import 4,000 African slaves to Spanish American Colonies is granted to Lorens de Gominot.

1519 

Emperor Charles V (Habsburg) of Ghent (1500-1558) a Flemish boy King of Spain is elected Holy Roman Emperor on the death of his grandfather Maximilian.  The Spanish people revolted against the Flemish rule and they’re absent king.  The revolt lasted until 1522.

1520  

Pope Leo X (1513-1521) (Giovanni de Medici) condemned Martin Luther (1483-1546) the German for daring to say that burning heretics is against the will of God, amongst other things unless he recant.  Luther appealed to a General Council and for twenty-five years the Pope and Curia refused the appeal to the only forum capable of settling the grave issues in the church.  Pope Leo is the great uncle of Catherine de Medici, future Queen of France.

King Christan II of Denmark and Norway defeated a Spanish army at Lake Asundeu and was crowned King of Sweden.  He then renounced his offer for Amnesty and massacred most of the Swedish leaders, about 600 nobles.

The Aztec Emperor, Montezuma II, is dead.  The Spanish are considered the Bastille of Roman Christianity with a mandate to subject the Americans for Spain, the Papacy and the Roman Catholic Church.  It is noteworthy to remember that southern Italy is a possession of Spain.  Their critics said they hunger like pigs for the gold, their bodies swelled with greed, and their hunger is ravenous.  The Spanish Christian policy is if the Natives refused to submit to slavery the death and devastation that followed would be their own responsibility.  This essentially freed the Spanish from any sin against the American people.  They effectively and systematically destroyed the Aztec Universities, Libraries, Astronomic structures, zoos and agricultural systems that in many respects like their mathematics are more advanced that Europe.  While the bestiality of the Spanish is the normal policy a few Spanish spoke out against the evil practices.

Chocolate was brought from Mexico to Spain for the first time.

October 7:  The 1st public burning of books took place in Louvain, Netherlands.

1521  

Belgrade (Beograd), Yugoslavia fell to Turkey as the Ottoman Empire expanded into Europe under command of Sultan Suleyman I the Magnificent (1520-1566).  Hungary is threatened and Rhodes is besieged.

Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguse, died April 27, 1521, he had renounced his citizenship and joined the Spanish  On March 16, 1521 he landed Archipelago of San Lazaro.  He named the Philippines  after the Spanish King Feliae.  He attempted to subdue the Peoples of the Island of Mactan while waging war against Lapu Lapu, who killed him in battle with a poisoned arrow.  Duarte Barbosa and Serrano where also killed on the Island of Cebu.

January 3:   Martin Luther (1483-1546) is excommunicated but the papal nuncio in Germany reported nine tenths of all Germans cried Luther and the other tenth cried death to Pope Leo.  The Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes attacked Tenochtitlan, Mexico killing 100,000 Aztecs.  Pope Leo X (1513-1521) conspired with the Habsburg Emperor Charles I (Charles V 1519-1556 of Spain) (1500-1558) against France.  Pope Leo raised an army of 20,000 under Prospero Colonna and drove the French out of Milan.  The German and French prayers are answered and the infamous Pope Leo died.

1522  

Shizong of China with a Reign Title of Jiajing, Reigned (1522-1566) of the Ming Dynesty.

Pope Hadrian VI alias Adrian Florensz Dedal (1522-1523) an inquisitor for Aragon and Navarre in 1516, inquisitor for Castile and Leon 1518 is elected pope.  The Pope is the old tutor of Emperor Charles I (1500-1558) of Spain.  The Roman curia turned against him because he is reluctant to distribute lucrative benefices.  He confessed to the Diet of Nuremberg that all evils in the church proceeded from the Roman Curia.  This is like the pot calling the stove black.  He also stated in 1523 that many Roman Pontiffs are heretics, the last being John XXII (1316-1334) and that they can err even in matters touching the faith. He acknowledged the Greed and excess of the Papal court under Pope Leo X.

Pope Hadrian had condemned Martin Luther as inquisitor in Spain and believed he should be punished for heresy and his teachings banned.  As a result some German Imperial knights waged scattered raids on the Romanist monasteries, plundering abbeys and assaulting well-fortified ecclesiastical cities.  Some Princes crushed their efforts in 1523 but others joined the Lutheranism resistance movement.

The Island of Rhodes (Greece) fell to the Turkish advance.

England declared war on France and Scotland.

September 8, Juan Sebastian del Cano d-1526, of Spain is the first to circumnavigate the world returning to Spain this year.

1523  

Martin Luther (1483-1546) spoke out in defense of the Jews saying that our Lord Jesus Christ was born a Jew.  He also argued that the Letters of St James the Just, Brother of Jesus should not be included in the New Testament.  The first burning of heretics of the Christian Reformation took place at Brussels this year under the reign of Pope Clement VII (1523-1534).  Clement VII alias Giulio de Medici (1523-1534) bastard son of Giuliano de Medici (Pope Leo X) is elected pope.  He is largely responsible for measures taken against the German reformer Luther.

1524  

The peasants of Germany, about 250,000 from the Black Forest on July 19, 1524 revolted demanding the right to select their preacher, the abolition of tithes and slavery, the right to hunt and fish where they pleased, etc.  May 15, 1525 the revolt is put down when one hundred thousand peasants’ martyrs are killed in a blood bath.  When Bishop Conrad recaptures Wurzberg, the event is celebrated with 64 executions.  He then toured his diocese with his executioner who took care of another 272 people.

Francis I of France (1515-1547) re-conquered Milan and Pope Clement VII aligned with France and Venice against Emperor Charles V (1500-1558) of Spain.

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