The Jesuit are determined to dominate New France
04/25/2008
FRENCH HISTORY 1637-1639
FRENCH INDEX Return to Main French INDEX
An Indian is publicly flogged for listening to a pagan suitor.
The Whole country is enraged against the Blackrobes.
Everyone agrees the Jesuit's primary interest is power and the fur trade
rather than winning souls.
The French want the Iroquois either wiped out or brought to reason.
1635
Three marriages, four births and thirteen deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France.
About 31 women were recorded in Kebec at this time, three being Indian girls for marriage to French settlers. These are:
Three native maidens of marriageable age
(I)-Thomasse Gabarette, wife (I)-Francois Albert
Anne Couvent (Convent), b-1601 wife Phillippe Amyot
Simone d'Orgeville (1589-1649) wife (I)-Adrien d'Abancour dit Lacaille, d-1641,
Anne Ardouin d-1670 wife (I)-Jacques Badeau d-1658
(II)-Madeleine Euphrosine Nicolet de Belleborne, Metis, b-1630 daughter (I)-Jean Nicolet de Belleborne (1598-1642) and Nipissirinienne sauvagesse, b-1610. (I)-Jean 2nd marriage Oct. 7, 1737 Kebec, (II)-Marguerite Couillard (1626-1705)
Francoise Grenier (Garnier) d-1665 wife (I)-Noel Langlois dit Boisverdum, pilote (1606-1684)
Indian girl wife (II)-Pierre Boucher (1622-1717), they would settle Trois Rivieres about 1642
Nicole Lemoine wife Gaspard Boucher
(I)-Pierrine Mallet (1604-1687) wife (I)-Martin Boucher (1589-1671)
Jacqueline Potel, Metis d-1654 wife (I)-Jean Bourdon d-1668
Eleonore de Grandmaison wife Francois de Chavigny
(I)-Xainte Dupont wife (I)-Zacharie Cloutier (1590-1677)
(II)-Guillemette Hebert, Metis, b-1606 wife (I)-Guillaume Concillard
(II)-Anne Martin wife (I)-Jean Cote (1603-1661)
Marie Faverie wife Pierre Le Gardeur de Repentigny
Catherine de Corde wife Rene Le Gardeur du Tilly
Jeanne Labraye wife (I)-Charles Garnier
(I)-Marie Renouard, b-1599 wife (I)-Robert Giffard (1587-1668)
(I)-Mathurine Madeleine Robin,d-1662 wife (I)-Jean Guton (Guyon) (Dion) dit du Buisson (1592-1663)
(I)-Marie Rollet d-1649 epouse Hebout (Hubou) widow (I)-Louis Hebert (1575-1627)
Helene Desportes wife (II)-Guillaume Hebert (1620-1639)
Jeanne Le Marchand wife (I)-Michel Leneuf du Herisson (1601-1642)
(II)-Marguerite Le Gardeur, b-1608, wife (I)-Jacques Leneuf de la Potherie, b-1606
(I)-Marie Leneuf du Herisson (1612-1683) wife (1636) (I)-Jean Baptiste Godefroy de Linclot (1608-1681)
Marie d'Abancour (Avaugour) wife (I)-Jean Jolliet (1574-1651)
Louise sauvagesse wife (1604-1704) (I)-Oliver De La Tour, Judge of Champlain
Marie Langlois wife Jean Junchereau de Maure
Madeleine Leneuf du Herisson wife Jean Poutrel di Colombier
The Jesuits have established this year 6 residences in New France:
1-Residence of Sainte Anne at Cape Breton
2-Residence of Saint Charles at Misku, an island in the Bay of Chaleurs.
3-Residence of Nostredame de Recouvrance at Kebec, near the fort.
4-Residence of Nostredame de Anges about 1/2 league from Kebec. This is supported by Monsieur le Marquis de Gamache.
5-Residence of Conception at Trois Rivieres (Three Rivers)
6-Residence of Saint Joseph at Ihonatiria among the Huron (Wendat).
Their desire is to open a second residence this year among the Huron but at a different location.
The Jesuits send the second barbarian (savage) girl to France for education.
The winter of 1634/1635 scurvy visited the Trois Rivieres settlement.
(I)-Georges d'Eudemare arrived Kebec this year and is still in Kebec in 1645.
(I)-Robert Drouin (1607-1685), arrived Kebec 1635 married 1st July 12, 1837, Kebec, Anne Cloutier; see 1634
(I)-Francois Petit Pre a Jesuit engage is at Trois Rivieres this year
(I)-Nicolas Marsolet de Saint-Aignan (1587-1677) arrived Kebec having spent (1608-1677) as chief interpreter at Tadoussac, (Quebec). He would spend 1635 to 1677 in Kebec and 2nd married 1636 Marie Lebarbier, b-1620, epouse May 8, 1681, Quebec Denis Lemagire. No mention is made of his first wife in Tadoussac or his Metis children. He did however frequently visit them looking after their welfare.
(I)-Andre de Malapart (Malapart) is in Trois Rivieres this year and is made commandant in 1639.
The mission Trois Rivieres de la Province de Kebec is established this year.
(I)-Andre Malapert is at Trois Rivieres this year. He was still here in 1649.
Birth (II)-Francois Pelletier (1635-1690) son (I)-Nicolas Pelletier and (I)-Jeanne Du Roussy b-1614; married April 1660 Tadoussac, (Quebec) Dorthee sauvagesse (1613-1661), Dorthee died L'Hopital de Quebec.
(I)-St. Jean arrived Kebec in 1635 or earlier.
The Huron People noticed that, with the arrival of the Jesuits, an unknown epidemic struck the villages.
Some Jesuits would prefer that New France remain lightly populated with Frenchmen, as they would be easier to control than a multitude. Immigration will decrease the peace, happiness and good feelings, but France needs an outlet for the multitude of workmen who lack employment. It is noteworthy that France has established a three level class system in New France:
The New France engages are normally indentured for 3-5 years, then offered an opportunity to become colonists or return to France. Most would choose to return to France. After six years of service, one could aspire to become a master and thereby hold shop and train apprentices. The future reality, however, is that the system is designed so that 90% of the people remained as commoners, while only 10% can aspire to middleclass and none to nobility. 80% of New France will be farmers while 20% will be administrators, merchants, religious, soldiers, craftsmen and travelers. This system would encourage young men to become coureur de boise.
The Jesuit have six residences in New France, compared to three French settlements. The residences are; Sainte Anne at Capr Breton; Saint Charles at Miskou; Nostre Dame de Recouvrance near Fort Kebec, Nostre Dame des Anges, a half league from Kebec; Conception at Trois Rivieres; Saint Joseph Ihonatria in Huron Country. All residences are maintained by the Gentlemen of the Company of New France.
(I)-Marc Antoine Brasdefer de Chateaufort (Chasteau-fort) assumed command of Kebec on December 25, 1635 until June 11, 1636, but the effective leadership of New France passed to the Religious Order; in particular- the Jesuit. Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), of France ensured their religious control. One of their first steps was to prevent the French traders from living on Wendat (Huron) lands. Their intent was to control the trade by becoming middlemen as translators. Louis de Baud, Count of Frontenac (1620-1698), Governor (1672-82 & 1689-98), the Huguenot, would later denounce the Jesuit for not making the Natives adopt the dress and manners of the French, for keeping them isolated and for teaching them in their own language. He and others suggested that the Church's motivation is economic control of the fur trade rather than spiritual control.
The Commandant at Trois Rivieres, (Quebec) is Marc-Antoine de Bras de Fer, Sieur de Chasteaufort, a Lieutenant who was made acting Governor of New France. The Jesuit had their doubts about the new acting Governor and requested his replacement. New France is controlled by Cardinal Armand Jean de Plessis, Duc de Richelieu (1585-1642), so his removal is inevitable.
A colony is established at Fort Amsterdam on Manhttes Island, (Manhattan Island), New Holland officially dated to1625. Actually Peter Minuit created a deed with the Manahatta Indians in 1626 thus ensuring legal possession of Manhattan. Others date the colony to 1609 when the Dutch ship captained by Henry Hudson landed New York Bay.
At Kebec 7 men harvested 8 puncheons wheat, 2 puncheons peas, 3 puncheons Indian corn, while also making hay, and other work.
(I)-Isaac de Razilly (1587-1636) (some suggest he died 1635) sent a vessel to Penobscot, (Maine) under command of (I)-Menou D'Aulnay de Charnisay (1604-1650) to take the English trading house and to fortify this location. The settlers were told to remove themselves to below 40 degrees which is the end of French territory. The English hired Mr Girling for a payment of 200 £ to attack and take Fort Penobscot, (Acadia, New France) with his 25 man crew. He expended all his powder and failed to dislodge the 18 French defending their position so he withdrew.
The French abandoned their Fort La Have and moved the inhabitants to Port Royal, Acadia. This effectively changed the Capital of Acadia from La Have to Port Royal. Those settlers who had married Micmac women remained at La Have, Acadia.
(I)-Charles Huault de Montmagny, d-1651, Governor of Canada (1635-1648) ordered the building of the Jesuit College, Kebec
January: Kebec (I)-Pierre Delaunay, b-1616 is in Kebec as agent of the Hundred Associates, he married 1645, Kebec, (II)-Francoise Pinguet, d-1661. He was killed by the Iroquois in November 28, 1654. The savages had complained he was charging exorbitant prices.
January 6: Kebec, a savage girl b-1625 is baptised and is living with a French family.
January 15: (II)-Charles de La Tour (1593-1666) is granted land at the mouth of the St. John River, (Acadia, New Brunswick), where he built a trading post called Fort La Tour.
January 16: Kebec, birth (II)-Guillaume Couillard, Metis son (I)-Guillaume Couillard, d-1663 and (II)-Guillemette Herbert, Metis (1606-1684);
January 27: The Algonquian arrived Trois Rivieres (Quebec) to show the French how to ice fish, thereby avoiding starvation, a secret not known to the Montagnas.
February 2: Kebec, a little savage girl who was sent to France for education is returned with smallpox, is baptised and died.
February 6: Trois Rivieres, death (I)-Jean Guiot Le Negrier of Normandie.
March 6: Trois Rivieres, death (I)-Pierre Drouet, a carpenter.
March 29: (I)-Francois Petit Pre a Jesuit engage is with the Huron Nation having escaped from the Hiroquois last year.
April 7: Trois Rivieres, death (I)-Michel sonet.
April 10: (II)-Marie Martin, Metis, born April 10, 1635, Kebec, died April 25, 1699, Chateau Richer, daughter (I)-Abraham Martin dit L'ecossais, (1589-1664) and Marguerite Langlois, Metis b-1611?); married January 21, 1648, Jean Cloutier..
April 22: William Alexander, now Earl of Stieling, was given a new land grant in Canada by King Charles I.
May 25: A canoe arrived Kebec to say a French ship was at Tadoussac (Island of Bic) and 5-6 more are on their way. They are determined to attack all those found in the river without commission.
June: Kebec was in panic, all month, as all the men were away trading when they expected a Hiroquois (Iroquois) attack at any moment.
July: Kebec, (I)-Pierre Pijart, Jesuit b-1608 arrived Kebec.
July: Kebec, (I)-Claude Quentin, Jesuit arrived Kebec.
July: Kebec, (I)-Francois Joseph Le Mercier, Jesuit, born October 4, 1604 arrived Kebec.
July: Kebec, (I)-Jean de Quen, Jesuit born May 1603, arrived Kebec.
July: (I)-Pierre Feaute, Jesuit lay brother arrived Kebec.
July: Kebec, chevalier de la Roche Jacquelin led 4 ships, one captained by Bontemps, Pierre de Nesle and Castillon.
July 4: A shallop arrived Kebec advising 8 ships arrived, 6 for Tadoussac, 2 for Miscou and 1 for Cape Breton.
July 12: The ship Saint Jacques cast anchor before Kebec.
July 18: Quebec, birth, (II)-Robert Langlois, Metis, died June 19, 1654, Kabec, son (I)-Noel Langlois dit Boisverdum, pilote (1606-1684), arrived Kebec 1634, 1st married Francoise Grenier (Garnier), born Hochelaga (Montreal) area, died November 1, 1665, Quebec.
July 22: The French held an assembly at Kebec using interpreters between the French and Huron. The French were ceremonious, greatly offending the Savages, by demanding that the alliance is only possible if the Huron abandon their religion and culture and adopt the French beliefs and worship. The promised to marry the the Savages when they become Christians. This was a change from the Champlain agreement. They promised great trading advantages and would teach the People to make metal goods like hatchets and knives. The People learned that the French will promise anything to achieve their ends and don't intend to deliver on their promises. The conclusion of the assembly did not end with an agreement as the Huron had no intention of honoring the demands. The Jesuit said their objective is to make the Savages sedentary and docile to French direction.
August 1: Trois Riviers, Father Buteux is at Trois Rivieres with some Montaignais savages hoping to make them sedentary and plant corn.
August 17: This season's ships brought more Jesuits: Father Pierre Pijart (1608-1676), Father Claude Quentin (1597-1676), Father Le Mercier (1604-1690) and Father Jean de Quen (1603-1659), as well as lay brothers Pierre Le Tellier and Pierre Featue. It is reported that Turkish ships are pirating ships bound for the New World. The Jesuit record the waves of the sea, with hundreds of encounters with Turks, icebergs, reefs, and horrible storms mark our crossing upon leaving the English Channel, the Turks pursued us for 24 hours.
August 28: Fifteen Jesuit reside in New France and four brothers.
September 9: Quebec, marriage (I)-Jean Bourdon, attorney general and engineer chief, died January 12, 1668, married Jacqueline Potel, most likely a sauvagesse or Metis who died from a fall September 11, 1654: 2nd marriage August 21, 1655, Quebec, Anne Gasnier b-1614, died June 27, 1698, Quebec, veuve Jean Clement DuVault, seigneur de Monceaux, chevalier de St. Louis.
October 25: Kebec, birth (II)-Louis Cote, Metis, d-1699 son (I)-Jean Cote, d-1661 and (II)-Anne Martin, Metis, d-1684: married November 6, 1662, Quebec. Elizabeth Langlois.
November 17: Kebec, marriage (I)-Jean Cote, d-1661 to (II)-Anne Martin, Metis died December 4, 1684, Kebec, daughter (I)-Abraham Martin (1589-1664) and savage and/or Marguerite Langlois, Metis, b-1611, see 1624.
November 20: Kebec, marriage (I)-Martin Grovel to (II)-Marguerite Auber daughter (I)-Francois Auber (leader of a boat) and Anne Fauconner, died November 30, 1676, L'Ange Gardien, eglise: Marguerite epouse September 26, 1661, Quebec, Michel Filion.
December: Kebec, The savages inquired why thy Great King does not forbid them (Frenchmen) from bringing over these drinks that kill us. The Jesuit answered that the (civilized) Frenchmen needed them upon the sea and in the intense cold of this country.
December 9: Trois Rivieres, (I)-Jean Nicolet of Belleborne (1598-1642) is at Trois Riviers this date.
December 22: Monsieur de Malapart is at Trois Riviers involved in a baptism.
December 25: Kebec, death (I)-Samuel Champlain, b-1567, died December 25, 1635, Kebec son Antoine Champlain and Marguerite: married to Helene Boulle, died December 20, 1654
December 25: Stricken with a paralytic stroke, (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635), Lieutenant of Fort Kebec, died on Christmas day, one hundred years after the discovery of Hochelaga. He left no known relatives. Some historians believe he suffered from senility, as he dictated a will leaving his possessions to the Virgin Mary. Dates of his death vary from 1635 to 1637. Some believe his grave is in Mountain Hill cemetery which adjoins the Chapel of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance. It is noteworthy that Champlain had crossed the ocean more than 20 times to support his colony in New France.
December 25: New France is effectively controlled by the Jesuits under the direct control of Cardinal Armand Jean du Plessie duc de Richelieu (1585-1642). The Jesuits were given a monopoly over New France. (I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664) Superior of the Jesuits in New France is also authorized to be Governor of New France in case of extraordinary events. He likely appointed (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort Commandant of Trois Rivieres as acting Governor. In fact the Jesuit had drawn up secret papers assigning him Governorship in the event of Champlain's death.
(I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort assumed command at Kebec after the death of Champlain. He was General in command at Trois Rivieres.
December 27: Monsieur Maupertus is at Trois Rivieres involved in a baptism.
December 29: A notice is posted on the pillar in front of the Kebec Church listing prohibitions, with certain penalties against blasphemy, drunkenness, failing to attend mass and divine services on holidays.
1636
One marriage, six births and seventeen deaths are recorded in Kebec, New France. It is noteworthy that Arnault's marriage is not acknowledged.
(I)-Jean Rousseau de Paris, d-1743, killed by a discharge of a gun, arrived Kebec 1636 then relocated to Trois Rivieres.
Most likely Trois Riveries, birth (II)-Peter Esprit Radisson et Chonards, Metis, (1636-1710) son (I)-Sebastien Hayet de St Malo dit Radisson and unknown Metis or savage mother. Some suggest he was born 1640 but (II)-Peter himself claims 1636 as his birth year. He is known as a half brother to (II)-Marguerite Radisson, b-1632 daughter (I)-Sebastien Hayet de St Malo dit Radisson and Madeleine Herault. (II)-Peter claims his 'natural parents' are alive and well in Trois Rieieres in 1654, as are his brother and his brothers wife and children. (see Radisson 1631)
Six women and some children relocated from Tadoussac to Kebec this year. These likely include Metis or Savages with Metis children.
The Jesuits has caused much hostile criticism in France of their involvement in the peltries (Fur Trade).
The Jesuits said the barbarians prefer Trois Rivieres to trade than Kebec.
The Jesuit's say the barbarians at Trois Rivieres do not usually harm women or children. Indeed, many a young man will not hesitate to marry a prisoner and she obtains full tribal status.
(I)-Nicolas Marsolet (Marsollet) De St. Agnan (1587-1677) aka "The Little King of Tadoussac" has been in Canada since 1608 spending most of his time at Tadoussac married for the fourth time to Marie La Barbide, b-1619 epouse May 8, 1681, Kebec, Denis Lemaitre. His first three wives were at Tadoussac and likely relocated to Kebec. Marsolet was not subordinate to Champlain and it is presumed he still reported directly to France.
The Jesuits receive a few little native girls at Trois Riviers to educate in the French
manner, who they expect to become wives of Frenchmen.
(I)-Francois de re de Gand is given a small savage girl who he housed with Sieur
Hebout's. She is likely destined to be his wife?
Two or three little savage girls from Kebec are sent to France in care
of the Hospital nuns for education and marriage to Frenchmen in New France.
One young savage girl could easily pass for a well-born French girl but her
father will not allow her being sent to France for education.
An Algonkin woman is
sent to France for education and to return to become a wife to a
Frenchman. These women/girls are often taken in by French families and
assume the family name. The Savages prefer Trois Rivieres over Kabec and
another savage girl is given to the Jesuits who name her Marie. It would
appear that 20-30 little girls are available for education in the manner of the
French.
(I)-Martin Appendestiguy de Martiigon, France married (III)-Jeanne de Saint-Etienne La Tour, Metis daughter (II)-Charles de Saint-Etienne La Tour (1595-1665.
(II)-Marie Archambault, (Metis?), baptised, 1636, daughter (I)-Jacques Archambault (1604-1688), and Francloise Toureau, sauvageese, (1600-1663); married September 28, 1648, Quebec Urbain Tessier.
(I)-Antoine Arnault, a carpenter married 1636, Kebec Madeleine savage.
(I)-Francois Belanger (1612-1685), arrived Kebec, 1636, married July 12, 1637, Kebec (II)-Marie Madeleine du Buisson Guyon (1623-1696) daughter (I)-Jean Guyon, (1592-1663) and Mathurine Robin, d-1662
Monsieur de Castillon is at Trois Rivieres this year.
Monsieur de Courpon is at Trois Rivieres this year.
(I)-Nicolas Courson, surgeon, is at Trois Rivieres
(I)-Guillaume Du Plessis, died November 11, 1651 arrived Trois Rivieres as Governor.
Monsieur (I)-Francois de Gand is at Trois Rivieres this year.
Sieur (I)-Guillaume Hubou (Hebout), d-1653 who married the widow Marie Rollet d-1649 of Monsieur Hebert takes in a savage girl for education and marriage to a Frenchman at Trois Rivieres.
(I)-Jacques Le Neuf de la Poterie, b-1606 arrived Kebec 1636 with (II)-Pierre Le Gardeur, d-1675, (married Marie Favery) whose sister (II)-Marguerite L Gardeur, b-1608 was his wife; He was made Governor in 1665.
Monsieur de Lisle (L'Isle) is at Trois Rivieres this year.
(I)-Nicolas Marsole(Marsollet) (1587-1677) the Little King of Tadoussac (1608-1635) upon hearing of the death of (I)-Samuel de Champlain (1567-1635) departed Tadoussac for Quebec where he spent his remaining years. Some suggest he arrived Kebec 1635. This year he married 4th (I)-Marie Le Bardier (1620-1688), likely a savage or Metis. He had three savage girls previously by country style. He was a 50 year old man who married a 16 year old girl and they had 10 children. After his death Marie married 1680 Quebec, Denis Gabriel. It is noteworthy that there is no mention of his Montagnais Metis children fathered over the 27 years that he lived among them. He did however visit Tadoussac frequently over his life time. He went over to the English during the occupation.
(I)-Nicolas Peltier (1596-1679), his wife Jeanne de Voisy (1612-1689) and sons (II)-Jean Peltier (1633-1692) and (II)-Francois Peltier (1635-1688) arrived Kabec.
Monsieur de la Poterie is recorded in Kebec this year.
(I)-Claude Poulin (1615-1687) arrived 1636 Kebec, married August 8, 1639, Kebec Jeanne Mercier (1622-1687).
(I)-Jean Rousseau who died 1643, killed by discharge of a gun, is at Trois Rivieres this year.
Issac Presseley arrived Acadia.
Monsieur de Repentigay is recorded in Kebec this year.
(II)-Jeanne Trahan likely daughter (I)-Guillaume Trahan, arrived Acadia and married Acadia (I)-Jacques Bourgeous who arrived Acadia 1641.
Sieur (I)-Oliver le Tardif (1601-1665) who married November 3, 1637 (II)-Louise Couillard d-1641 took in another savage girl for education and marriage to a Frenchman at Trois Rivieres.
Sieur de la Treille is at Trois Rivieres this year.
The mission (first Indian reservation) Sillery de la Province de Quebec is established this year.
De Lisle (L'Isle), a chevalier of the Knights of Malta is posted to Trois Rivieres (Quebec) 1636-1641.
The 7th Congregation of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit) forbids all kinds of commerce and business, under any pretext, whatever. The Canadian Jesuit argued that peltry is the coin of this country and the Jesuit continue to be involved in the trade. They are also becoming the largest land owner in the country.
Warfare, between the Savages, at this time, consists of small ambushes, one side against the other, in retaliation of some previous killing. It is true the Barbarians do not usually harm the women or children, except in sudden attacks. Many young men will not hesitate to marry a prisoner.
(I)-Guillaume Herbout (Hubou) who married 1629 (I)-Marie Rollet, the widow of (I)-Louis Herbert, the first resident of Kebec, houses a little Savage girl named Marie Oliver Sylvestre, b-1626 daughter Roch Manitouabewich and Huron wife. Oliver Letardif keep another. (This is the same girl that Tardif adopted from his good friend Roch and placed with the Hubou's for education). These little Savage girls dress in the French fashion and will eventually marry November 3, 1644, Kebec, a Frenchman named (I)-Martin Prevest (1611-1691). Some Savage girls, are being sent to Old France for education and then returned. The French have not yet allied with the Tadoussac Savages by any marriage, (this however is not true). The Captain (savage) of Tadoussac said " When your young men return from war after the massacre of our enemies, they will not have any trouble in obtaining our girls in marriage." "As to children one does not see anything else but little savages in the houses of the French." The Metis children would be considered as savage. "There are little boys there and little girls, what more do you want." " You are continually asking for our children, next you will be asking for our wives.: You continually ask for our children, and do not give yours.
Complaints were coming from Old France of how few baptisms were being performed in New France. The Jesuit are well aware that funding of their enterprise is dependent upon the good will of their patrons in Old France. As a result the Jesuit began to baptize, in secret, against the wishes of parents. Hereafter results would drive baptism rather than good judgment. This appears to be a fundamental turning point in the relationship of Europeans to the Native People.
Francois Oliver, a Savage is baptized at Kebec attended by Oliver, Clark, an interpreter and Madame Hebout. The Jesuit say baptism prevents death by sorceries.
Immigrants, of little means, to New France are
expected to be indentured for five to six years. They should possess,
in their own right, one-half of all land they clear after indenture is
completed. Most, however, would return to France or become Coureurs des Bois
before their terms had expired. One or two years
of labor without wages should cover their board and tools.
Father (I)-Jean de Brebeuf (1593-1649) estimated that the Huron (Wendat) Nation
numbered about 30,000 people in twenty towns. About 20,000 people
would be killed over the next four years by disease and war.
The Island of Mont Real is still being used as a temporary camp and the Savages called the place 'The Island Where There Was a Village'. The Savages like Trois Rivieres better than Kebec, they stop there oftener, and in greater numbers.
Governor (I)-Charles Jacques de Huault de Montmagny (1583-1653), a.k.a Onontio, Governor New France from June 11, 1636 to August 20, 1648, went out of his way to pacify the Jesuits, fully understanding they controlled the position. (I)-Marc-Antoine Brasdefer, Sieur de Chasteaufort, becomes Governor Trois Rivieres, (Quebec). Influenza hit the colony and the Indians, this and next year. Father (I)-Paul Le Jeune (1591-1664), a Jesuit, wrote that there are mines of iron, copper and other metals discovered that will soon be worked. The Jesuit Father (I)-Pierre Chastellaine (1606-1684), Father (I)-Charles Garnier (1605-1649), Father (I)-Isaac Jogues (1607-1646), Father (I)-Nicolas Adam (1588-1659), Father (I)-Paul Ragueneau, Father (I)-George Alexander d'Eudemare and brothers (I)-Ambroise Cauvet and (I)-Louis Gaubert arrived in New France. Monsieur (I)-Pierre Le Gardeur de Repentigny from Thury Normandy, arrived with his wife and four children as well as his brother and sister. He is a lieutenant of the Governor of New France. Monsieur (I)-Jacques Le Neuf de la Poterie from Caen in Normandy, came with his wife and daughter, his brother (I)-Michel and two sisters and their families. (I)-Michel Le Neuf du Herisson is the head of the family.
The Governor of New France ordered that the Chateau Saint Louis at Kebec be rebuilt in brick and stone. (I)-Jean Bourdon (1601-1668), an engineer, is to draw up plans for the town.
Peltry is the coin of New France, and a 25% markup exists between Fort Kebec and France to cover the risk they run upon the sea, especially from pirates..
The Colony of Ville-Marie (Montreal) aka Hochelaga was a religious enterprise conceived in 1636 by Jerome Le Royer de la Dauversiere, Receiver of Taxes at la Fleche, in Anjou; and Father Jean Jacques Olier de Vemeuil, a young Sulpician priest of Paris.
Every year more come to cast themselves into the forests as if into the bosom of peace, to live here with more piety, more immunity and more liberty. The are leaving the exactions, deceits, thefts, rapes, assassinations, treachery, enmity, black malice that only visits Kebec once a year in the letters and gazettes which people bring from the Old France. The families of Monsieur de Repentigny, and Monsieur de la Poterie have recently joined the colony and word is that more settlers have arrived at Tadiussac, (Quebec). Kebec however has no room for those who cannot work.
The following questions were raised in Old France:
The Basques are still harvesting whales at Tadoussac, (Quebec) and further up stream.
A vessel arrived La Heve with an additional 78 passangers including (I)-Jeanne Motin, who immediately married (I)-Charles d'Aulnay who succeded (I)-Issac de Razilly.
The French ship Saint Jehan landed LaHave, Acadia with the first French women for that settlement. Eighty five men and 11 women arrived that date. It is noteworthy that (II)-Charles La Tour (1594-1666) arrived Port Royal, Acadia in 1630 with his wife Louise Indian. Some contend the first Acadian child is born, Mathieu Martin ((1636-1724), he died, unmarried. This is highly unlikely given the French were in Acadia in the early 1500's.
After 40 years scarcely a family is added to Acadia. (I)-Menou D'Aulway de Charnisay (1604-1650) took possession of Port Royal and erected a new fort and brought his people from La Heve, Acadia. (II)-Charles La Tour (1595-1665) held his fort at the mouth of the St. John River (Acadia) and his father (I)-Claude La Tour (1570-1736+) held Fort La Tour (Acadia)
The third Kebec fort was constructed in 1636 by Governor Charles Huault de Montmagny, who covered the second fort’s earthen ramparts with stonework. Construction lasted 24 years, finishing in 1660.
At this time in New France we see trees bearing apples, pear, plum, cherry and other wild fruit. Vines are loaded with grapes which is being turned into wine. Oxen, cows and asses are evident but no horses can be found.
The Jesuits are absolutely forbid all kinds of commerce and business, under any pretext whatever.
January: Kebec, (I)-Robert Giffard de Moncel (1587-1668), with 7 men has been clearing the land for 2 years now. The usual task is an arpent and a half per year per man.
January 1: Kebec (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort issued his first edict as Governor New France: Forbidding blasphemy, drunkenness and absence from church service. This was likely a condition of him being appointed as Governor.
January 6: Kebec, (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort condemned a drunkard and blasphemer to the pillory.
January 7: Sieur de Chesne, a surgeon is at Trois Rivieres.
January 7: (I)-Jean Nicolet of Belleborne (1598-1642) is at Trois Riviers this date.
January 7: Sieur de Launay is at Trois Rivieres this date.
January 22: Kebec, A frenchman was fined 50 livres for making a savage drunk.
January 25: It was not uncommon for the French to surname baptized Savages with a French name, thereby losing their cultural identity. A Savage was so named today as Paul Le Cadet (1619-1636).
January 15: Charles Jacques de Huault de Montmagny de St. Jean de Jerusalem, soldier (1583-1653), governor (1636-48), Knight of Malta, is appointed the first Governor of New France before the death of Champlain was known in France.
January 15: Jacques Castillon was granted the Isle d'Orleans (Quebec). He did not develop it and it was given to the Jesuits in 1662.
January 15: Antoine Cheffault is granted the seigniory of Cote de Beaupre.
February 18: Kebec Sieur (I)-Oliver le Tardif (1601-1665) the interpreter and Madame Hebout agreed to be god parents to a savage baptism who was named Francois Oliver.
March 10: France, (I)-Charles Hualt de Montmaguy is officially appointed Governor New France. Others as early as January 15, 1636 knew of his pending appointment.
March 17: A young un-named Frenchman, who can read and write, wintered with the savages, his brother is at Trois Rivieres this year. He sent a letter on a piece of bark to Trois Rieieres to inform the Jesuits a little boy was sick and dying, so he baptized him.
April 1: The St. Jehan arrives in Port-Royal, Acadia with French settlers, that includes both men and women.
April 1: When this document was discovered in the Paris, France Archives this was the first known passenger list to be found [and perhaps the only list] of the French who had sailed from LaRochelle, France to Acadia. No other lists has been found. Not all on the list remained in Acadia. It is believed some may have returned to France. Whatever the case may be, their names do not show up in later enumerations of Acadia so they did not become permanent residents of Acadie.
Nicollas LeCreux (Dubreuil), with Anne Motin (de Reux), his wife
Claude Motin, her brother,
Jehan Motin, also her brother,
Jehanne Motin, her sister,
Jacqueline de Glaisnée, their cousin
Jehanne Billard with their group
The following names are those of laborers who traveled with said Le Creux.
Firstly:
Jehan Chalumeau, laborer and his and wife
George Migot, from Dijon, laborer
Jehan Hyechtier, from Dijon, laborer
Simon Merllin, from Dijon, laborer
Jehan Pericaud from Dijon, log splitter
Jehan Guiot from Dijon, Laborer
Nicollas Bayolle, from Dijon
Isaac Pesselin from Champage
Hilaire Bicau from Champagne
Jehan Donno, native of Angers, master mill carpenter usually living in Paris
Roch Roche, also a carpenter, from Paris
Martin Le Doux, also a carpenter, from Paris
List of Anjou peasants who sailed on the Saint-Jehan to work in New France.
Firstly:
Tibault Destouches, with his wife and three children, laborer from the parish of Bourgueilavec near Chinon
Pierre Martin, laborer with his wife and one child, from Bourgueil
Jehan Mangoneau, laborer with his wife and one child also from Bourgueil
Pierre Choiseau, laborer with his wife and two children, also from Bourgueil
Widow Perigault with Michel and Julien Perigault, her children, also from Bourgueil, laborers
Hadrien Benoiston, laborer, also from Bourgueil
[Omitted], laborer, also from Bourgueil
Julien Aury, laborer, also from Bourgueil
Pierre Le Moine, laborer, also from Bourgueil
Nouel Tranchant, laborer, also from Bourgueil
Guillaume Trahan, officer of the cavalry, with his wife and two children and a servant, also from
Bourgueil
Louis Deniau, from the city of Chinon, a cooper
Philippe Rat, from the city of Chinon, tailor
Daniel Chichereau, from the city of Chinon, tailor
Jehan Danjon, from the city of Chinon, laborer
Michel Callant, from the city of Chinon, laborer
Jehan Vache, from the city of Chinon, cobbler
Louis Blanchard, from La Rochelle, wine maker
Pierre Paquis, master gunsmith and locksmith
Aimé Diot, laborer from Paris
André Braconneau, laborer from Paris
François Guion, from La Rochelle, master baker
Gilles Tionne, master gardener from Paris
List of carpenters who went to build ships and boats in New France.
Firstly:
Jouannis Daprandestiguy, Basque, master
Jehan Debourgonare, also a Basque carpenter
Jouanis Dahausquin, also a Basque carpenter
Jehan De La Faye, also a Basque carpenter
Bernard Bugare, also a Basque carpenter
Jouanis Lavare, also a Basque carpenter
Bernard Tegarnous, also a Basque carpenter
Jouanis Destiquau, also a Basque carpenter
Abraham Dostique, also a Basque carpenter
Saint-Martin dit Gascon, to be a sailor
François Leteller dit Labrande, from La Tremblade, also a sailor
René Arquange, from La Rochelle, also a sailor.
List of salt workers who went to work in the marshlands in New France.
Firstly:
Jehan Sandre, with his wife, master salt worker or seller
Pierre Gabory, also a salt worker, from La Rochelle
Jehan Pronost, also a salt worker, from the islands
François Baudry, also a salt worker
Pierre Prault, also a salt worker
List of sailors who were part of the crew of the Saint-Jehan
Firstly:
Pierre Sauvic, master of said ship, from d'Auray river
Martin Lebagous, sailor, from d'Auray river
Jehan Margar, also a sailor, from d'Auray river
Jacques De Lamer, also a sailor, from d'Auray river
Marc De La Mer, also a sailor, from d'Auray river
Jehan Piluesrie, also a sailor, from d'Auray river
Guillaume Bellego, also a sailor, from d'Auray river
Etienne Le Rouzic, also a sailor, from d'Auray river
Allen Malloin, also a sailor, from d'Auray river
Domingo Basque, from Bayonne, also a sailor
Jouanis Basque, also a sailor, from Bayonne
Bertholome Demairon, also a sailor, from Bayonne
Jehan Roou, carpenter from St-Malo
Pierre Moysieau, master gunner from La Rochelle
Jehan Guiot, master valler from d'Auray river
Bonaventure Guibermin, "garçon" from Morbien
Henry Quinper, "garçon" from Brittany
Petiolle Périn,"garçon" from d'Auray river
(signature) N. Denys
Nicolas Denys
April 24: Kebec, (I)-Jean Baptiste Godefroy de Linclot (1608-1681) is a god parent to Madaelaine Savage. This is likely (II)-Madeline Hayet dit Radisson, b-1632 daughter (I)-Sebastien Hayet dit Radisson and Madeleine Heraut. She is found living at the home of (I)-Jean in November 25, 1646, likely as a servant girl.
May 21: (I)- Francois Derre de Gand on route to Trois Rivieres gave the name Joseph (Miskouaseroutin) savage to a boy age 15
June: Kebec, the Norman family of (I)-Rene Le Gardeur, sieur de Tilly, married to Catherine de Corde, d-1657 arrived with two sons and a daughter, arrived in the same ship as (I)-Charles Jacques de Huault de Montmagny (1583-1653), Governor New France
(II)-Pierre La Gardeur, b-France, d-1648, married Marie Favery, d-1675
(II)-Charles Le Gardeur, b-1611, France, died November 10, 1695 Quebec, married October 1, 1648 Kebec, (II)-Genevieve Juchereau Le Gardeur, b- France, d-1687
(II)-Marguerite Le Gardeur, b-1608, France, married Jacques Leneuf de la Poterie(II)-Pierre Le Gardeur arrived with his family of two daughters and one son:
(III)-Marie Madeleine Le Gardeur, b- France, married October 3, 1646, Kebec, (I)-Jean Paul Godefroy (Godfroy
(III)-Catherine Le Gardeur, b- France, married September 16, 1652, Quebec, Charles Daillebout
(III)-Jean Baptiste Le Gardeur, b-1632, France, married July 11, 1656, Quebec, Marguerite Nicolet
June: Kebec, the Norman family of (I)-Mathieu Michel Le Neuf, (Leneuf) de Herisson (1601-1642), married to Jeanne Le Marchand, arrived with two sons and two daughters, arrived in the same ship as (I)-Charles Jacques de Huault de Montmagny (1583-1653), Governor New France:
(II)-Marie Leneuf, b- France, married December 15, 1636, Caen, (I)-Jean Baptiste Godefroy (Godfroy (1608-1681)
(II)-Michel Leneuf, b-France
(II)-Jacques Leneuf, b-France, married Marguerite De Repentigny
(II)-Anne Lenuf, b-France, married Antoine Desrosiers and settled Trois Rivieres
June 3: Father (I)-Isaac Jogues (1607-1636) is killed by the Mohawks at Ossernenon near Auries, New York.
June 11: A resident of Fort Kebec is pilloried in the market place for the crime of blasphemy. Pilloried = punish by placing in a wooden frame; and subject to criticism and ridicule
June 11: Kebec, Three ships arrived led by Duplessis Bochart, captain Savinien Courpon de la Tour and the ship Saint Joseph.
June 11: Kebec, (I)-Charles Jacques de Huault de Montmagny (1583-1653), Governor New France, served in this position until August 19, 1648. He took over from (I)-Marc Antoine de Brasdefer, sieur de Chasteaufort who had assumed command upon Champlain's death, last year. He returned to Trois Rieieres to resume as Commandant of that location. Monsieur de la Poterie and 45 colonists arrived the same ship as (I)-Charles Jacques de Huault de Montmagny (1583-1653), Governor New France,.
June 11: (I)-Pierre Chastellain, a Jesuit and (I)-Charles Garnieu, d-1649, Jesuit arrived Kebec.
June 11: (I)-Philippe Amyot aka Amiot, d-1639, arrived Kabec June 11, 1636, married 1626 France Anne Convent (1603-1675), epouse September 26, 1639, Kebec, Jacques Maheu, Two children were born France Jean b-1627 and Mathew b-1628. However Jean is not listed Tanguay and (II)-Jean Amyot (Amiot), also Gencien aka Antaiok, b-1627, an orphan, is sent by the Jesuits to live among the Huron at a young age. This appears strange unless he was adopted?
June 12: Kebec, (I)-Nicolas Adam, Jesuit arrived Kebec and 4 days later suffered a stroke causing paralysis of his hands and feet.
June 15: Kebec, arrival of (I)-Charles Huault de Montmagny, d-1651, the second French Governor of Canada (1635-1648). He was appointed Governor in 1635 before the death of Sieur de Champlain (1570-1635) was known in France.
June 16: Kebec, (I)-Jean Baptiste Godefroy (Godfroy (1608-1681) attended the baptism and named the savage, b-1635 as Jean Paul.
June 16: (I)-Robert Hache lives with the Jesuits in Trois Rivieres.
June 24: Kebec, the Jesuit record the first celebration of Saint Jean Baptiste Day. It originated about 1 AD in Gaul to celebrate Summer Solstice. Christianity combined the Summer Solstice celebration of June 21 with celebration of John the Baptiste and changed the day to June 24. This French celebration would eventually lose its Christian content and revert to its pagan source.
June 26: Monsieur Chevalier de I'Isle became godfather of Marie Savage.
July 7: Trois Rivieres, Sieur de la Treille as godfather named Marie Savage.
July 8: Trois Rivieres, Monsieur de Repentigny as godfather named Joseph Savage.
July 8: Kebec, Monsieur de Courpon, monsieur Gand, and Monsieur de Castillon are at Kebec.
July 21: (I)-Pierre Chastellain, a Jesuit and (I)-Charles Garnieu, d-1649, Jesuit arrived Trois Rivieres.
July 27: Quebec, contract of marriage, (II)-Anne Cloutier, (1625-1648), daughter (I)-Zacharie Cloutier (1590-1677) and (I)-Xainte Dupont; at age 10 years entered into a 1st. marriage to (I)-Robert Drouin, (1606-1685) son Robert Drouin and Marie Dubois. The contract states the marriage not to be consummated until Anne age 13. Drouin 2nd marriage November 29, 1649, Quebec, Marie Chapelier, b-1621, veuve de Pierre Petit.
June 28: Monsieur Charles du Plessis Bochart, commandant of the fleet, arrived Kebec. About 100 settlers arrived in this fleet including Father Ragueneau and Brother Louis Gobert.
August: Kebec, Sieur Hebout (Hubou) has taken into his home some savage girls to be brought up Christian and then married to Frenchmen.
August: Kebec, Sieur Oliver Le Tardif has taken into his home one savage girl to be brought up Christian and then married to Frenchmen.
August: Kebec, two or three savage girls are sent to France to be educated and returned to marry Frenchmen.
August: Kebec, Monsieur Grand gave a savage boy to Monsieur de Noyers
August 9: Five ships of the Gentlemen of the Company arrived Kabec.
August 14: Three Rivers: The French are given a young Savage slave girl captured in a Hiroquois war in compensation for three Frenchmen killed. The Slave girl said she is now of their nation, if she is commanded to marry, she would obey, but that no one, except he to whom she has been given, should approach her. She and a number of other girls are sent to France for education and eventual marriage to Frenchmen.
August 16: Kebec, (I)-Guillaume Isabel is granted 24 arpents of land by (I)-Charles Huault de Montmagny, (Montmaguy), d-1651, the Governor.
August 18: (I)-Jean Baptiste Godefroy (Godfroy (1608-1681), young man beat one of the visiting Huron in a race at Trois Rivieres.
August 19: Quebec, birth, (II)-Marie Langlois, Metis, died August 15, 1687, daughter (I)-Noel Langlois dit Boisverdum, pilote (1606-1684), arrived Kebec 1634, and Francoise Grenier (Garnier), born Hochelaga (Montreal) area, died November 1, 1665, Quebec; Married August 10, 1660 Kebec Francois Miville.
August 26: Kebec, birth (II)-Charles Amyot, died December 10, 1669, Kebec, son (I)-Philippe Amyot, and Anne Convent epouse September 26, 1639, Kebec Jacques Maheu; married May 2, 1660, Genevieve De Chavigny.
August 28: Kebec, at present there are 26 Jesuits in New France, 20 priests and 6 lay brothers:
Saint Joseph in the Huron country.
Jean Brebeuf
Francois Mercier
Pierre Pijart
Chastelain
Charles Garnier
Isaac Jogues
Residence of the Conception at Trois Rivieres
Jacques Butex
Charles du Marche
Residence Nostre Dame de Recouvarance at Kebec
Jean de Quen
Paul le Jeune
Residence Nostre Dame Des Anges
Charles Lallemant
Nicolas Adam
Edmond Masse
Anne De Noune
Daniel
Ambroisedavost
Brothers, Gilbert Burel, Pierre le Telier, Jean Liegeois, Pierre Feaute, Ambrose Cauvet, & Louys Gobert
Residence Misku
Claude Quentin
Charles Turgis
Residence Ste Anne at Cap Breton
Daudemare
Andre Richard
August 29: Monsieur Commandant weighted anchor at Fort Kedec bound for France taking three little Savage girls with him. These savages would be adopted by French families, given French names, educated and returned as wives to the colonists.
September 4: The Huron arrived Trois Rivieres (Quebec) stating that Monsieur de Champlain had promised the French and Huron would be one people. They asked for some Jesuit and Frenchmen to come to the Huron country and we will give some Huron.
October 1: Kebec, birth (III)-Joseph Hebert son (II)-Guillaume Hebert d-1639 and Helene Desportes, b-1620, epouse January 9, 1640, Kebec, Noel Morin
November 3: Kebec, birth, (III)-Joseph Hebert, Metis son (II)-Guillaume Hebert, Metis (1604-1639) and Helene Desportes (see 1602): married October 12, 1660, Quebec, DePoitiers.
November 12: Kebec, birth (III)-Ignace Sevestre, died June 24, 1661, Quebec son (II)-Charles Sevestre, died December 9, 1657, Kebec and Marie Pichon, died May 4, 1661, Quebec.
November 30: Kebec, marriage (I)-Jamen Bourguignon, d-1660 to Claire Morin de N.-D. de Mortagne, au Perche, Normandie, France, epouse July 26, 1662 Quebec, (I)-Jean Martineau dit LaPile, died March 29, 1666, Quebec.
December: A Frenchman is fined 50 francs to be paid in peltries for supplying wine to the savages.
December 1: Trois Rivieres (Quebec) burns but the storehouse was saved, for they said we are lost if that burns. Trois Rivieres is like Anjou, France, it is a sandy country and the fishing is excellent.
December 15: Kebec, marriage (I)-Jean Baptiste Godfroy de Linctot, (1608-1681) to Marie LeNeuf b-1612-1688)
December 15: Kebec, marriage (I)-Mathieu Michel Leneuf (1601-1642) to Jeanne Le Marchand
December 15: Kebec, date on contract to marriage of (I)-Jean Baptiste Godfroy de Linctot (1608-1681) ** married (II)-Marie LeNeuf, (1612-1688) (I)-Mathieu Michel Leneuf, sieur du Herisson (1601-1642) and Jeanne Le Marchand de Caen
ELEVEN CHILDREN ARE RECORDED
(II)-Michel Godfroy, born October 21, 1637, died May 18,
1709, Quebec, married September 2, 1664, Montreal, Perinne Picote
(II)-Louis Godfroy, born March 20, 1639, married March 1663
Marguerite Seigneuret
(II)-Jacques Godfroy, born March 6, 1641,
(II)-Anonyme Godfroy, bor/died April 25, 1643
(II)-Jeanne Godfroy, born April 11, 1644, died 1669,
religious Ursuline
(II)-Joseph Godfroy, born July 20, 1645, married October 21,
1675, Trois Rivieres, Catherine Poulain
* November 25, 1646
(II)-Amator Godfroy, born July 18, 1649, died September 10,
1730, Trois Rivieres, 1st married July 18, 1649, Trois Rivieres, Marguerite
Jutrat: 2nd marriage July 22, 1682, Trois Riviers, Francois LePele
(II)-Pierre Godfroy, born January 20, 1651
(II)-Marie Renee Godfroy, born October 19, 1652,died
1736, married May 16, 1677 Quebec, Pierre Boulanger
(II)-Pierre born Godfroy, September 30, 1655,
(II)-Jean Baptiste Godfroy, born April 1, 1658
* (II)-Madeline Hayet dit Radisson, b-1632 daughter (I)-Sebastien Hayet dit Radisson and Madeleine Heraut. She is found living at the home of (I)-Jean Godfroy on November 25, 1646, likely as a servant girl. She had two half-sisters and one half-brother in New France. She likely resided with this family until her marriage of November 25, 1646. The dowry given her by Godfroy suggests she was a servant or daughter of a servant..
** Is the founder of Trois Rivieres, according to Grace Lee Nute in Ceasars of the Wilderness.
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