FRENCH HISTORY 1900-2004
FRENCH INDEX Return to Main French Index
1850
The number of illegitimate (enfant du Roi) births recorded in Quebec from 1841 to 1850, was 2,567, legitimes are 315,353.
The coming of responsible Government in Canada posed a serious threat to Quebec and the Roman Catholic Church. Quebec and the clerical zealots adamantly held to the belief of Papal supremacy in religion and in clerical domination of society. The one God, one King and one religion philosophy, that dominated New France, had come to an end. The bulwark or foundation of the new Quebec French-Roman culture became the distinctiveness of the French language. The zealots attempted to impose restrictions to separate social and economic interchange with the English language speaking peoples of Canada. The English language zealots built there own cultural bulwarks. These cultural islands would fester into the twenty first century.
Between 1850 and 1930, 900,000 French speaking Quebecois abandoned the Province for the United States, showing their dissatisfaction with the current conditions. This La Grande Hemorragie of the culture shook the Quebec society.
Michael Stanislaus Gauthier was born on September 29, 1850 at St. Edouard, Napierville, Quebec and died March 17, 1934 at Mornville, Alberta son Sonia Baulrice?; Michael would marry 1871 Lea Ouimette born 1850.
Lea Ouimette was born September 5, 1850 St. Edouard, Napierville, Quebec, died May 15, 1919 Edmonton, Alberta, Married 1871 a (7)-Michael Stanislaus Gauthier born 1850. Lea is the daughter of Antoine Ouimette born 1819 and Frini (Filgne) Poissant born 1829
CHILDREN OF ANTOINE OUIMETTE, based on 1861 census, p-133 were:
Lia Ouimette born September 5, 1850 St. Edouard, Napierville, Quebec
married 1871 Michael Stanislaus Gauthier. Their daughter Mary Alexazina
would be born South Dakota and eventually marry 1908 John Garneau in Edmonton
Ludger Ouimette born 1853
Dominique Ouimette born 1855
Norbert Ouimette born 1858
1852
Marie Anne Lechasseur, Metis b-1852 Lac Poisson Blanc, Quebec daughter Nitaousiquayo Lechasseur (Native) and Marianne Calahaison; 1st married about 1871 Michel Auger; 2nd marriage 1886 Joseph Kashawan or Richard, b-1872?, Wabascow Lake (Alberta) son Richard Kaskawan (Native) died 1875 and Constance Gladu, b-1839, Wabascow Lake, Alberta. 2nd marriage sounds like an error?
December 2: Longueuil, birth (VII)-Marie Ste. Marie, Metis, died March 4, 1867 St. Hubert, daughter (VI)-Jean Baptiste Ste. Marie, Metis, (1817-1887) and (VI)-Zoe Achin St, Andre (1821-1864) St. Hubert..
1853
The first ocean steamer arrived at Quebec. The poor Anglo-Irish Catholic children indentured to French-Canadian rural communities are overcome with fears and bewilderment. The Church didn't want to indenture Catholic in Protestant Ontario. Immigration began to tail off due to a head tax on new arrivals, forcing many to prefer the United States.
1854
The French Seigneurial System in lower Canada (Quebec) is abolished.
1855
The English introduced, in upper Canada and the Maritimes, the practice call baby farming; where women with illegitimate (enfant du Roi) babies received assistance if they would suckle other orphan infants being indentured for four months to one year. Some are even pressed to the task before their own child is born. The mortality rate, even with wet nursing in work asylums- as they are called, reached as high as 40% per year.
May 30: Longueuil, birth (VII)-Marie Arline Ste. Marie, Metis, religieuse des SS. NN. de Jesus et Marie, Hochelaga, Montreal daughter (VI)-Jean Baptiste Ste. Marie, Metis, (1817-1887) and (VI)-Zoe Achin St, Andre (1821-1864) St. Hubert..
1856
October 14: Longueuil, marrage Antoine Rocheleau aka Rochereau to (VII)-Andre Ste. Marie, Metis, died March 8, 1839 Longueuil, son (VI)-Andre Ste. Marie, Metis and Louise Lamarre.
December 22: Longueuil, birth (VII)-Marie Azilda Justine Ste. Marie, Metis, died May 19, 1877 Longueuil, religieuse des SS. NN. de Jesus et Marie, Hochelaga, Montreal daughter (VI)-Jean Baptiste Ste. Marie, Metis, (1817-1887) and (VI)-Zoe Achin St, Andre (1821-1864) Hochelaga, Montreal.
1857
The Penitentiary Register of New Brunswick lists a boy of nine years of age, committed for some trifling offence, who died in that institution. This same year, the prison in Montreal is criticized for housing children, drunkards, prostitutes and diseased persons in the same quarters, resulting in unnatural crimes within the institute. It went on to say that our prisons are nurseries for crime.
1858 London (I)-Edward Martin Hopkins (1820-1893) son Martin Edward Hopkins (1786-1836) and Anne Manley (1785-1875). married his second wife Frances Anne Beechey, (1837-1919), with artistic talents, daughter of Frederick Beechey. The newly married couple immediately returned to Canada.
1859
March 10: Longueuil, birth (VII)-Antoine Hubert Ste. Marie, Metis, died March 13, 1859 Longueuil, son (VI)-Jean Baptiste Ste. Marie, Metis, (1817-1887) and (VI)-Zoe Achin St, Andre (1821-1864) St. Hubert..
1860
The number of illegitimate (enfant du Roi) births recorded in Quebec from 1851 to 1860, was 3,135, legitimes are 375,609.
The SS Hungarian sank off the S.W. tip of Nova Scotia.
September 7: Montreal, death of (I)-George Simpson (1787-1860) a Scot, this 'ruthless and insensitive' Governor of Hudson Bay Company, ended. Some say he had an inferiority complex, due to his small stature, and his illegitimate birth, drove him to extremes. He said "an enlightened Indian is a good for nothing". He vowed to keep his subordinates in a "proper state on subordination." He welcomed the Indian and Metis as canoe men, servants, concubines and political allies but not as Company traders or dinner companions. His use of Indian and Metis women as sexual objects, passing them off to his subordinates when he tired of them. He however opposed his subordinates taking Native or Metis women as wives, except for his cast offs. Non-white women were never allowed in his household. An era of perverted leadership ended in Canada. If this wasn't enough, Simpson was virtually blind and incapacitated by bouts of "apoplexy" in the 1840's. Some suggest he may have suffered from bipolar disorder. Some claim Simpson had his cousin Thomas killed to take credit for his achievements in charting missing links on the Western edge of the northwest passage of his Empire. Thomas and two Metis were gunned down on the Prairies south of Red River settlement, (Manitoba). A pathetic man at best!
1861
The danger of pending war with the Americans saw fourteen thousand troops from Britain to Nova Scotia and overland, as the St. Lawrence was ice jammed in November.
1863
Although denied by the Grey Nuns between 1863-1868 3,724, children died in their care. Foundling death rates in Montreal, including those farmed out, in some years exceeded 87%. The Gray Nuns, it should be noted, accepted any child, whereas Protestant asylums were more selective, refusing some bastard (illegitimate) (enfant du Roi) children as this encouraged promiscuity and abandonment. In Halifax, colored infants are rejected as a matter of principle.
1864
July 21: Sherrington, death (IV)-Joseph Dumouchel, Metis, born Quebec, son (III)-Louis Joseph Dumouchel, Metis (1712-1769) and (II)-Marie Louise Lecleric, b-1720
1865
A law passed by the British Parliament that said that any law of a British Colony that differed with a British Law specifically aimed at that colony, was null and void to the extent of the difference.
1866
The Irish attempted to bring their squabbles into Canada this year by launching a raid under the banner of Fenians against New Brunswick, but it collapsed.
1867
The Inuit territory of Numavik, formally called Rupert's Land, is incorporated within the bounds of Confederation.
Henry Seth Taylor of Stanstead, Quebec, unveiled the first Canadian-built automobile, a steam powered unit.
1869
Montreal is considered the most unhealthy city in the Dominion due to filth and pollution, having a forty percent infant mortality rate for the first year of birth.
1870
The number of illegitimate (enfant du Roi) births recorded in Quebec from 1861 to 1870, was 7,848, legitimes are 432,711.
James Wyrth King of Shubeacade, Nova Scotia patented The King Fish Ladder, which allowed fish swimming upstream to spawn to pass waterfalls and dams more easily. It was effectively employed both in the East and west coasts of Canada.
New Brunswick stops funding Roman Catholic Schools.
1871
A sample of Montreal's water supply showed animal and vegetable refuse, manure, fish spawn, straw, hayseed and a small cistoid worm. It was a wonder that anyone survived. Half of the 47,000 deaths in Canada were children under age five. Fourteen thousand died in their first year. Ottawa boasted their sewage was only a drop in the mighty Ottawa River. There was no demand for indoor bathrooms, or bathtubs. People said why bathe when everything else was so dirty. Bed bugs and lice were taken for granted even in some of the best houses.
There are 41 brothels in Montreal.
1871
NAPIERVILLE, QUEBEC
Michael Stanislaus Gauthier born, September 29, 1850, St. Edouard, Napierville, Quebec, died, March 17, 1934, Mornville, Alberta.
Married: 1871 Lea Ouimette born, September 5, 1850, St. Edouard, Napierville, Quebec died, May 15, 1919, Edmonton, Alberta.
Daughter: Antoine Ouimette born 1819 and Frini (Filgne) Poissant born 1829.
Possible descendent (I)-Jacques Poissant born 1660 who married 1699 at Laprairie a (II)-Marguerite Beset.
EVENTS: 1888 Family living Aurora, South Dakota (likely just passing
through on their way to Oregon.
1895 Family likely moved to Cove, Oregon
1898 Family living Cove, Oregon, children
attend 13-Mile School
1903 Family departs Cove, Oregon
for the NorthWest Territories.
TEN CHILDREN WERE RECORDED:
Rosina Gauthier born, March 1, 1872, died, June 5, 1872.
Linaise Gauthier born, June 17, 1873, died October 22, 1874.
Odilon Gauthier was born August 5, 1875, died November 1963 likely
in Cove, Oregon.
Wilford Gauthier born November 25, 1877 died November 9, 1882.
Horace Gauthier born November 6, 1880, died May 1955 married April
28, 1908 Edmonton, Alberta to Arman Goulett. (double wedding with
Alexazina and John.
Artem Joseph Gauthier born February 11, 1883 died June 1958.
Vitaline Gauthier born August 23, 1885 died October 6, 1890.
Marie Alexazina Gauthier born June 20, 1888 District of Aurora, South
Dakota, Baptized September 26, 1888 St. Peter Church, White Lake, District
of Aurora, South Dakota by Rev. J.B. Richter, she died June 1980 New Westminster,
British Columbia married April 28, 1908 Edmonton, Alberta John Garneau
born December 30, 1885 Strathcona, North West Territories.
Dennie Gauthier was born February 11, 1891. Worked in the Strathcona
Brewery in 1909 (Strathcona, Edmonton, Alberta.)
Marie Antionette (Nettie) Gauthier born August 23, 1893 died August
24, 1954, married Michael Dardis of Ireland.
Five children are known
Aline Marie (Mickie) Dardis born May 23, 1920 married Seethoff
Michael Jearld (Jerry) Dardis born June 8, 1924 died June 10, 1985
Patricia Ann Dardis born January 4, 1930 married Kurtz
James John Dardis born January 31, 19??
Kathleen Ruth Dardis born Aug 9, 1935 who married Wilmes, source their
daughter Linda Wilmes-Smith.
1872
The first Icelander to land on Canadian soil since the Viking was Sigtryggur Jonasson, born 1850, who arrived in Quebec on September 12, 1872.
September 22: Chambly, birth (VIII)-Marie Georges Henri Ste. Marie, Metis daughter (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
November 14: St. Hubert, marriage (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, born July 1, 1849 Longueuil, son (VI)-Jean Baptiste Ste. Marie, Metis, (1817-1887) and (VI)-Zoe Achin St. Andre (1821-1864); married Marie Marsil daughter Joseph Marsil
1873
December 12: St. Hubert, birth (VIII)-Maria Alma Ste. Marie, Metis daughter (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1874
Colonization this year was defined as a process to ensure future supremacy, or so the French and English believed.
Bishop Alexandre Tache (1823-1894) of Red River felt betrayed by Quebec who were concerned about depopulation of Quebec so would send no more settlers to the west.
1875
The Society for International Hockey Research claims the first hockey was played inside Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink in 1875. This ignores the Nova Scotia claim of the game being played in 1867 on Lake Banook, Darthmouth, as portrayed by a sketch by Henry Buchton Laurence or Windsor, Nova Scotia claims of the game being played in the early 1800's. It harder to write off John Franklin (1786-1847) diary of November 1825 describing his men playing the game of hockey on the ice of Great Bear Lake, N.W.T. Also a painting by John Toole in 1835 shows what appears to be a game of hockey in Virginia on a frozen pond. This predates the Nova Scotia and the Montreal claim. In our arrogance we ignore the hockey games of Galway, Ireland dated to 1527. They used hock sticks
April 8: St Hubert, birth (VIII)-Aurele Elie Ste. Marie, Metis, died August 11, 1875, St. Hubert daughter (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1876
Bishop Ignace Bourget of Montreal sent out a circular "Let us each say in his heart, I hear my cure, my cure hears the Bishop, the Bishop hears the Pope and the Pope hears Our Lord Jesus Christ. The Orangemen were convinced that all Catholics were agents of the devil. The Quebecois were split over authority of Church over State or State over Church.
The Cure's warned people that a vote for a Liberal in the by-election involved a mortal sin.
July 9: St Hubert, birth (VIII)-Joseph Cyprien Edwin Ste. Marie, Metis, son (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1877
Fire destroyed more than two thirds of Saint John, New Brunswick, burning every church and store. Also destroyed are one thousand, six hundred homes, leaving thirteen thousand without shelter.
August 29: Montreal, birth (VIII)-Joseph Pierre Alderic Ste. Marie, Metis, son (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1879
Quebec City, between 1850-1879 women had an average of 9.1 children.
1880
June 4: Hochelaga, birth (VIII)-Marie Rose Frederica Ste. Marie, Metis, daughter (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1882
August 11: Montreal, birth (IX)-Jean Baptiste Laurent Eusebe Senecal, Metis, son (VIII)- Jean Jacques Eusebe Senecal, b-1857, and (VII)-Marie Virginie Rose Alba Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1861.
September 15: St. Hubert, marriage (VIII)-Jean Jacques Eusebe Senecal, b-1857, married (VII)-Marie Virginie Rose Alba Ste. Marie, Metis, born June 6, 1861 Longueuil, daughter (VI)-Jean Baptiste Ste. Marie, Metis, (1817-1887) and (VI)-Zoe Achin St, Andre (1821-1864) St. Hubert:
October 11: Montreal, birth (VIII)-Marie Emelie Edwidge Ste. Marie, Metis, daughter (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1883
ST. MARGARET, AMHURST, NOVA SCOTIA
(IV)-John Archibald McDougall born May 6, 1861 (1856) Malignant Brook,
Antigonish County, Nova Scotia (verify T-6306 - 1891, M-5219 - 1817 and
M-5220 - 1838) died 1918 of Spanish Flu in Edmonton, Alberta son (III)-Donald
McDougall born 1818;
married, April 23, 1883, St. Margaret, Nova Scotia a Mary Ann (Marion)
Carter born Kouchibouquac, Nova Scotia died, March 25, 1958, St. Albert
(second marriage Michael Dalton, no children) daughter of William Carter
born Nova Scotia and Jenny Chadwick born New Brunswick witnessed by Angus
McDougall, and Jane Carter. (Mary McDougall born 1886 died, January
3, 1933, Edmonton and married Tom Walters). John is listed as a teamster
in 1891.
NINE CHILDREN ARE KNOWN:
(V)-Mary J. McDougall born November 10, 1883
(V)-Jerusha Anna McDougall is born, December 5, 1889, Amhurst (check
T-6311 - 1891), Nova Scotia, died, June 26, 1969, Edmonton, Alberta.
She married, November 27, 1907, Edmonton, Alberta (III)-Mathias Salzl born
1885.
(V)-Daniel William McDougall was born December 6, 1889.
(V)-John Archibald McDougall born May 10, 1892 Dorchester, New Brunswick
(V)-Florence Euphemin McDougall born December 9, 1894 married J. Dallas
last known living Ketchikan, Alaska.
(V)-Margaret Matilda McDougall born November 30, 1897 married 1919
Doug Hepburn, second marriage Clyde Way last known living Los Angeles.
(V)-Jack McDougall born about 1898 moved to Denver.
(V)-Kathleen McDougall born 1901 married 1920 Bill Scott last known
living Seweadir, California.
(V)-Mary Ann Agnice McDougall born 1905 Dorchester, New Brunswick.
August 25: Montreal, birth (IX)-Louis Philippe Aemond Senecal, Metis, son (VIII)- Jean Jacques Eusebe Senecal, b-1857, and (VII)-Marie Virginie Rose Alba Ste. Marie, Metis, b- 1861.
1884
The Acadian flag was adopted this year to represent a unique culture. The Louisiana Acadians (Cajuns) did not adopt this flag.
September 28: Montreal, birth (IX)-Joseph Henri Alphonse Rodolphe Senecal, Metis, son (VIII)- Jean Jacques Eusebe Senecal, b-1857, and (VII)-Marie Virginie Rose Alba Ste. Marie, Metis, b- 1861.
1885
A smallpox epidemic kills more than 3,000 in Montreal, Quebec. Some suggest it was closer to 6,000 dead. The French Canadian children died because their parents were afraid of vaccination. Other cities were spared.
May 14: St. Jerome, birth (VIII)-Maria Angelina Ste. Marie, Metis, daughter (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1887
March 20: Montreal, birth (VIII)-Philippe Andre Paul Ste. Marie, Metis, son (VII)-Elie Andre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1851 and Marie Rose Anne Cyr. (see Chicago 1875)
June 17: St. Jerome, birth (VIII)-Joseph Pierre Ernest Ste. Marie, Metis, son (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1888
The Canadian Government agrees to compensate the Roman Catholic Church for lands confiscated from the Jesuit Order.
July 25: St. Jerome, birth (VIII)-Joseph Pierre Jean Baptiate Ste. Marie, Metis, son (VII)-Pierre Ste. Marie, Metis, b-1849 and Marie Marsel.
1889
May 24: Montreal, birth (IX)-Joseph Donalien Hervais Senecal, Metis, son (VIII)- Jean Jacques Eusebe Senecal, b-1857, and (VII)-Marie Virginie Rose Alba Ste. Marie, Metis, b- 1861.
1890
(II)-Donald McDougall's wife would take to
her bed every winter, and Marion Carter, wife of (III)-John A. McDougall,
would have to wait on her hand and foot. She said it was a great
relief when they moved to Edmonton. Marion Carter would herself be
bed ridden, and her daughter and grand daughter had to wait on her hand
and foot.
Map of 1890 showing the Quebec boundaries in the Dominion of Canada.
1898
Reverend B. Th. Garneau, secretary to the Archbishop of Quebec, rendered assistance in compiling the Jesuit relations.
FRENCH HISTORY
1900-2004
FRENCH INDEX Return to Main French Index