The Metis Empire was greater than the Roman Empire, providing clear evidence of a superior culture
that can co-ordinate an Empire without blood shed through sharing and caring.
02/18/2008
METIS HISTORY 1828-1832
METIS HISTORY Return to METIS 1800-1849 index
1824
The period of 1823-24 is considered the years of the Holy War at Mackinac. The Roman Catholics and the Presbyterians are conducting a religious war that is embarrassing the Christian community. The army, to contain the rivalry, brought in a Episcopalian minister as their chaplain and this appeared to settle the war. The violence between Irish Catholics and Protestants with fights and riots, however, would go on for decades.
Madeline Bailly, Ottawa/Ojibwa Metis, b-1824 Grand River, daughter Francis Bailly Ottawa Metis, b-1805 and Ojibwa squaw (iskwao) whom the chief Ka-she-way says is his cousin, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. (Squaw is a very insulting English word.)
Angelick Boadwine b-1798, arrived 1833 St. Ignace wife Joseph Beaudwin, Ojibwa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Joseph Boadwine, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1833 St. Ignace son Joseph Beaudwin, Ojibwa Metis and Angelick Boadwine, Ojibwa Metis, b-1798, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Peter Boureseau, Ottawa Metis, b-1824 Mackinac, son Louis Boureseau Sr. but not living with him, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Jim Bridger (1804-1881) a mountain man described the Great Salt Lake and Yellowstone but few people believed him.
Charlotte Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis b-1824, arrived Saulte Ste Marie 1831 daughter Hines and Angelique Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis, b-1798, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Samuel Campbell, Ojibwa Metis, born 1824 Mackinac son John Campbell, Ojibwa Metis and White Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Reubin Chapman, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1826 Mackinac, child Bela Chapman Sr. and Mary Chapman Ojibwa Metis b-1806, listed March 28, 1836, treaty.
Betsy Constin, Ottawa Metis, b-1824 Mackinac, daughter Pierre Constin, deceased, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Charles Forrest, HBC was assigned to Fort Vancouver 1824 to 1835.
Alice Gravereat, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824 Mackinac, daughter Henry Gravereat and Charlotte Ojibwa Metis b-1790, listed March 28, 1836.
Margaret Hubert, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824 St. Ignace daughter Jack Hubert, Ojibwa Metis and Ojibwa Metis Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Catherine Lasaw, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1834 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as Whiskey says they are not relatives to these Indians.
Catherine Lasley, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, Mackinac, daughter Samuel Lasley Jr. and his squaw (iskwao) wife, who is sister to Shaw-en-e-ge-sick, chief of the Bay de Noque Band, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. (Squaw is a very insulting English word.)
Alexis Lozon, Ottawa Metis, b-1824 Mackinac, son Joseph Lozon, Ottawa Metis, and Nancy Ottawa Metis, b-1806, Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Mary Anne McDonald, Metis b-1824 Sault Ste Marie daughter McDonald and Metis mother from Grande Portage, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother from Grande Portage.
Joseph Martin, Ottawa/Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, St. Ignace, son Louis Martin, Ojibwa Metis and Ottawa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Louise Bernard Moreau, Metis b-1824, Red River des Metis Settlement son Jean Baptiste Moreau French Canadian and Charlotte Lafeville aka (LaFeuille - Gariepy - Vallie - Vallee etc.) Metis: married 1837 St. Boniface to Pierre Bernard.
Archangel Morris, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824 Sault Ste Marie daughter Nicolas Morris, Pawnee Metis, b-1802 Sault Ste Marie and Josette Morris, Ojibwa Metis b-1803 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Angelick Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1826 Sault Ste Marie, daughter Louis Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1788 arrived 1812 Sault Ste Marie, and Mary Ojibwa Metis b-1802 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28., 1836 treaty.
Jean Baptiste Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1824 Sault Ste Marie, son Michael Nowlin (Nolin) a Pawnee Metis, b-1795, and Ojibwa woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Sophia Oakes, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1835 Grand River, daughter Charles H. Oakes and pure Ojibwa Indian woman from Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
James Ohio Pattie (1800-1833) of Kentucky claims to have traveled to New Mexico 1824, California 1828 and New Orleans 1930. He claims to have traveled the south rim of the Grand Canyon in the 1920's. He was a teller of tall tail so some question his accounts.
John Baptiste Payan, Ottawa Metis, b-1824 St. Ignace, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Abandoned by Father Payan, Ottawa Metis and Mother Ojibwa Metis died, lives & ought to live with Charles St. Ondre.
Joseph Pin, Metis, a HBC boatman, is at Snake River 1824 and Fort Langley 1829 married about 1838 Marguerite Kwehessest Pen d'Oreille (1806-1851).
Louison Robinson, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824 St. Ignace, son Francis Robertson, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Grand child of the chief at Iroquois Point.
William Rouleau, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1826 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Reject as descended from Canadian Indians.
Jedediah Smith for the Rocky Mountain Fur Company led a trading party through the South Pass, Wyoming.
Antoine Snaikell?, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1826 Mackinac, abandoned by father and Ojibwa mother dead, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Red River (White Horse Plains), marriage Andre Trottier Trotchie Metis died April 24, 1874 son Andre Trottier b-1757 Montreal and Louise Chippewa Indian; married 1824 Red River (White Horse Plains) Marguerite Paquette St Denis.
At Red River both the Church and the H.B.C agreed to encourage the Metis to quit the Pembina and move closer to Fort Douglas to discourage illicit dealings in furs with the Americans and to become a valuable wall of defense in case the Dakota attacked the H.B.C. colony. Bishop Provencher gave his support with this policy shift.
Upper Mississippi District, birth, Henriette S. Campbell, Metis daughter Scott Campbell, Metis (1790's-1851) and Dakota woman; married Benjamin Aitken Dyomme.
Sault Ste. Marie, arrived, Mary Piquette, Ojibwa Metis, b-1807 wife Charles Piquette, Ojibwa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Jennet Piquette, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824 Sault Ste Marie daughter Joseph Piquette Sr. a Canadian who ran away and Angeliick Ojibway, Ojibwa Metis, b-1800 Sault Ste Marie, epouse Gitsheo Ojibway an Indian, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Red River, marriage (I)-Peter Quinn of Ireland living St. Peter, Iowa, died August 18, 1862 Redwood Ferry married Red River before moving to Fort Snelling, Minnesota in 1824 to Mary Louise Findley a Metis Cree Woman. Quinn was killed August 18, 1862 by the Dakota Sioux.
Nancy Rodd, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1828 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother a Saginaw Indian
Jedediah Smith rediscovered the South Pass, Wyoming, the key to the overland routes to California and Oregon. Charles Keemle in 1826 wrote, it has been proved that large bodies of overland expeditions can now be made to remote regions.
By this year the Montreal firm of McGillivrays, Thain and Company virtually disintegrated with the death of (II)-William McGillivray, Metis (1764-1825), the illness of Thomas Thain, and the falling into disuse of the Montreal trade routes to the west.
Alexander Ross of Red River explored the Salmon River Country of Idaho.
Jedediah Smith explored the Salmon River Country, Idaho but was not part of the Alexander Ross expedition of the same year. He said he visited the Hudson Bay Company fort at the Lewis Forks on the Columbia where the fort contained 80 men.
The first wave of settlers to Michigan arrived at Sylan, Washtenaw County. Lymann Warren bought out his father-in-law and became Chief Factor, until 1838, of the American Fur Company, and La Pointe, the Metis settlement, became the company’s major post, shifting focus from the Sault Ste Marie Post.
Esther Terrien, Ottawa Metis, b-1824 St. Ignace, daughter Isaac Terrien and Ottawa Woman (Angelique), this is second husband, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Williamstown birth George Thompson Metis died August 28, 1824 son David Thompson (1770-1857) and Charlotte Small b-1785 Metis.
This year a number of Metis and French Canadian Freemen moved from the Pembina to Red River, the White Horse Plains (Grandtown) and into the deserted Orkney Village area. Others located at St Boniface.
(I)-James Curtis Bird, born 1773 son James Bird and Elizabeth Curtis, who married Cumberland House Elizabeth Oo-menahomisk, retired to Red River and was in charge of Edmonton House from 1799-1816. It is noteworthy that he gave the surname Curtis to his children. Upon the death of his country wife, he married another woman, a Mrs Mary Lowman, which resulted in two children, Elizabeth Margaret and Curtis James. Bird totally ignored his Metis children by his first country wife(s?) and focused his last will on his last wife's children.
Cuthbert Grant (1793-1854), a Scottish Metis, claimed to have created a separate settlement at White Horse Plains a.k.a. St. Francois Xavier called Grand Town, a Metis settlement, also referred to as Grant's Village of the Red River. It is claimed that 80-100 Metis families settled there this spring to farm. The Metis had called it the White Horse Plains for the past forty years. This is where Lawrence Garneau (1840-1921) would live when he arrived in the 1860's. One of the most disconcerting things about the European culture is their insatiable desire to set foot on other people's efforts, change the name and call it there own. The Ontario English would claim credit for creating Red River in 1812; as though nothing of importance happened before that time. Europeans, and especially the British, must be suffering as a group of people with a major cultural inferiority complex which they try to hide behind a stiff upper lip.
Lyman Marcus Warren became Chief Factor La Pointe.
Between 1824 and1830, the Canadian fur trader, Peter Skene Ogden (1790-1854), worked the areas of Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Montana and the Oregon.
Sonego or Nahnebahwequay (meaning upright woman), an Ojibwa and later named Catherine Sutton born 1824 Credit River flats UC, died September 26, 1865 Sarawak Township, Canada married William Sutton an Englashman and lost her Indian annuity money owing her and her Metis children. She obtained a private audience with Queen Victoria in 1860 but concluded the English idea of justice is that might is right.
The Hudson Bay Company built Fort Vancouver on the north bank of the Columbia River, 100 miles from the ocean. Chief Factor was John McLoughlin. This became the headquarters for 22 trading posts.
February 9: Cahokia, marriage (V)-Jean Baptiste Vaudry son (IV)-Antoine Vaudry born May 17, 1747 and (IV)-Anne Agnes Bourassa et Brassard, b-1757; married Cecile Clermont.
May 1: birth Mary Smith, Indian, died May 1, 1900 Sault Ste Marie, Michigan
July: Findlay, a Canadian named Barrette and two others are killed at Lake Pepin by an Ojibwa war party of 29 warriors.
September 15: G. Linton, 18 men and nine carts left for Fort Pelly on the Assiniboine River north of Kamsack (Saskatchewan). Its noteworthy that many forts were built on the upper Assiniboine during the 1790's and early 1800's, namely: Fort Alexandria, Carlton House, Peter Grant's House, an XY Fort, Albany House, Fort Hibernia, and Marlboro House.
October 4: Mexico became known as a Republic.
November, birth Jean Baptiste Moreau, Metis born November, 1824 son Jean Baptiste Moreau French Canadian and Charlotte Lafeville aka (LaFeuille - Gariepy - Vallie - Vallee etc.) Metis: married to Francois Colombe
November: Gaspard Louis Grenon, aka Gourneau, Metis, born November 1824 died after 1915 son Joseph George Guernon, aka Gorneau, Guernon, & Gernon, Metis, b-1795 La Pointe, Wisconsin, died after 1854 and Angelique Folle-Avoine; married January 23, 1849, Pembina, Minnesota Territory, Genevieve Allard, b-1831/32, d-after 1915, daughter Pierre Allard and Louise Vivier.
1825
Harry Ashman, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825, arrived 1830 Sault Ste Marie son Samual Ashman, Mo-ga-son-a-qua of St. Marie, mother is his cousin, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Isabella Boadwine, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825, arrived 1833 St. Ignace daughter Joseph Beaudwin, Ojibwa Metis and Angelick Boadwine, Ojibwa Metis, b-1798, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Mary Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825, living 1836 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as descendent of a Canadian tribe.
Birth Fort Manuel, Missouri Lisette Charbonneau, Metis, daughter Toussaint Charbonneau and a Shoshoni girl named Sakakawea (Sacajawea) aka Janey, (1788-1825?) guides of the Louis and Clark expedition.
Nancy Collins, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825, arrived 1826 Mackinac, son of Collins Metis listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother a British Indian.
William Dingley, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother from La Pointe tribe. William bound to the mission.
Rosette Hehita Finley, Metis, (1825-1908) born Spokane, Washington son Jacques Raphael (Jacko) Finlay, Metis (1768-1828) and Pend D'Oreille or could be the child of James Finlay, Metis, b-1794 or Thornburn Finlay, Metis, b-1795 or Bonhomme Finlay, Metis, (1795-1821) or Augustin (Yoostah) Finlay (1800-1883).
Harriet Gibson, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825 Mackinac daughter Robert Gibson, Metis and Electa Gibson, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Simon Gornow (Gornor), Ojibwa Metis b-1825 Sault Ste Marie son Louis Gornow (Gornor), Ojibwa Metis b-1790 and Archangel Gornow (Gornor) aka Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis, b-1798, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Mother is likely Say-shaw-ne-nie see marriage 1815?
Joseph Gourneau, Metis, b-1825, Red Lake, Minnesota Territory, died December 22, 1912 son Joseph George Guernon, aka Gorneau, Guernon, & Gernon, Metis, b-1795 La Pointe, Wisconsin, died after 1854 son Joseph Guernon and Nowanankkee b-1794;
Henry Graham, Ottawa Metis, b-1825 St. Ignace, son John Graham and Ottawa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
John Hutchinson married Mademoiselle Censols who had eight previous husbands, being abandon by those Hudson Bay Company Men.
Rosette Le Cuyer, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825, arrived 1831 Mackinac, daughter Joseph Le Cuyer, and Ojibwa Metia Woman b-1806, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Alexis L'Esperance, born November 28, 1796, Sorel, died December 11, 1890, St Francois Xavier, Manitoba, son Pierre L'Esperance and Marie Marguerite Aucoin; contract with Hudson Bay Company was cancelled by mutual consent. and he became a settler. His family being an encumbrance at the fort is the cause of his obtaining his freedom.
William Lawrence, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825, arrived 1833 St. Ignace son Col. Lawrence, Metis and Ojibwa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Elizabeth Louisignan, Ottawa Metis, b-1825, Mackinac daughter Francis Louisignon, Ottawa Metis and Ottawa Metis Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Lives in Detroit.
James Marreu, Ojibwa Metis, b-1820, arrived 1825 Mackinac son Marreu and a squaw (iskwao) (Ojibwa Woman), listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as from west end of Lake Superior. James was listed 1/4 Metis therefore mother must be a Metis not full blood. (Squaw is a very insulting English word.)
Sault Ste. Marie, birth, Touissaint Piquette, Ojibwa Metis, son Charles Piquette, Ojibwa Metis, borh 1806 and Marie Ojibwa Metis b-1807, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Dakota, birth Marguerite Renville Metis daughter Joseph (Akipa) Renville (1779-1846) Metis and Marie (Tonkanne) Little Crow (daughter of the sister of Chief Little Crow).
James Kipp (1788-1865+) of Montreal, working for the Columbia Fur Company, built a trading post at the mouth of the White Earth River for the Assiniboine trade.
Birth, Dakota, Thomas Dorion (Peguwaakinica) Metis son Louis Dorion (1782-1890) and Zeah White Cloud, married 1st Rattling Iron High Hawk, 2nd marriage Good Heart, 3rd marriage Iron Feather.
Henry William Johnston, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825 arrived 1829 Sault Ste Marie, son George Johnson and Ojibwa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
(I)-Donald McKenzie (1783-1851) married August 18, 1825 Red River, Adelgonde Humbert.
Elizabeth Oakes, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825, arrived 1835 Grand River, daughter Charles H. Oakes and pure Ojibwa Indian woman from Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Alexes Perault, Ottawa Metis, b-1825 Mackinac son John Baptiste Perault and Mary Anne Ottawa Metis b-1807 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
John Pritchard boasted a line of well built houses from White Horse Plain to Netley Creek, an abundance of domestic cattle and a prospect of wheat exceeding anything heretofore produced in this Red River Country.
Etienne Provost and 21 other Canadian traders were in the Provost Utah Valley and being tricked by the natives 17 were killed only Provost and 4 others escaped.
Angelique Terdiff, Cree Metis, b-1825 Sault Ste Marie, daughter Pierre Terdiff and Margaret Terdiff, Cree Metis, b-1799, arrived 1822 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as a Cree as reported by John Holiday.
James Todd, b-1825, York Factory, Hudson Bay, son William Todd, b-1800 and Isabelle Dennet, Metis, b-1805.
William Sherley Williams (Old Bill) (1787-1849) is at the mouth of the Columbia River. He explored from the Mexican border to the Canadian border from 1803 to this time. He mostly explored and traded on his own and was considered the most fearless of the Mountain Men. He married at least three wives, had two daughters Sarah and Mary, and a son named Jose b-1834.
This year the buffalo hunt was a total failure and the Metis, who had ranged far out onto the plains, survived their homeward trek by eating their dogs, horses, their buffalo robes, leather tents and their shoes. The Reverend David Jones, (1798-1844), noted that this severe lesson may teach the thoughtless Canadian half breeds to turn their attention to diligence and industry on their farms. He considered hunters to be idle, roving, imprudent and, in times of want, even threatening and dangerous. He however indulged in pemmican when it was available and it was the staple food of his mission school..
The American Government created Indian Territory (Country) between the Red and Missouri River, providing further pressure on the Natives to migrate from their lands east of the Mississippi to the west. They are under the threat of the loss of Federal protection against state and local elements and other forms of coercion to migrate.
The Hudson Bay Company, after merging with the North West Company, held Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana and outposts as far as Alaska, Hawaii and San Francisco, including much of Canada- nearly one twelfth of the earth's surface, exercising the authority of a sovereign government. The Metis had accomplished, with minor blood shed, more territorial authority than any European peoples including the Roman Empire. The French had opened a continent and the Metis had humanely tamed it. Only the aboriginal peoples, whom we call Indians, held greater territorial sovereignty, covering two continents which, when compared to Europe or Asia, lived in relative peace with a higher quality of health, variety of food and, from a bias point of view, well being and therefore civilization. Even with the more aggressive neighbors to the south, we had and still have the longest undefended border in the world. No other civilization can make that claim as they must rely on might, not right, to maintain their civilization.
Francois Gourneau alias Geurnou, Guernoe (Garneau) (1800-1870) of Red Lake Band, Minnesota married about 1825 Pembina, North Dakota a Marguerite Martineau born 1805-1809 and on annuity roll #1166 1893 Red Lake, Minnesota.
The inhabitants of Red River buy Fort Douglas, built in 1812 on the west bank of the Red River, just below the spot where the Assiniboine joins the Red River. Some claim that most Voyagers or trip-men that man the York boats are from the Red River community. The employees of the Hudson Bay Company dropped from one thousand, nine hundred and eighty three in 1821 to eight hundred and twenty seven, forcing many into other occupations or into the free trade market. A new grain mill is in operation at Red River and 1,600 bushels of wheat are in storage.
The Reverend David Jones (d-1844) of Red River reports the Metis buffalo hunt of the fall is a total failure. They survived the bitter homeward trek by eating their dogs and horses. The Welsh Church of England Minister wrote "May this severe lesson teach the thoughtless Canadian Half Breeds to turn their attention to diligence and industry on their farms." William Williams, Governor of the Hudson Bay Company Southern Department, retired, and (I)-George Simpson (1787-1860) assumed command of both departments.
(I)-George Simpson (1787-1860) an Englishman of the Hudson Bay Company considered the Canadian Freemen as worthless and a motley crew, the very scum of the Country.
This water color represents an Indian trapper family in their lodge near Fort Garry,
Red River in the 1820's. They are clad in traditional buckskin and trading-post
clothing. It is noteworthy that many Europeans at this time could not differentiate
between Indian and Metis. This, to me, looks more like a Metis family than
Indian?
Reverend John West suggested that the orphaned or abandoned children of Country Marriages between Indian women and Hudson Bay Company servants be educated at the Red River Boarding School, but this was not approved. Governor George Simpson said this would, in his opinion, be to no purpose until agriculture and not the Chase becomes the main pursuit of the Savage Tribes. (I)-George Simpson (1787-1860) did not like what he considered to be West's expensive schemes of Schools and missionaries all over the country, nor his inclination to deal freely in politics. (I)- George Simpson (1787-1860) set forth a policy saying that Missionaries should refrain from imposing their moral scruples, especially on such issues as 'Country Marriages'. They should not meddle with the Company trade. West was replaced by Reverend David Jones and his schoolmaster, Harbidgem, who could neither keep accounts nor teach the common rules of arithmetic. Harbidgem was replaced by an Orkney man named William Garrioch.
Father Richard arrives at Detroit.
An estimated 680 Red River carts are counted in the annual buffalo hunt out of Red River.
Alexander Ross noted that this winter was unusually severe in Red River, having started earlier and continuing later than usual. The snow was 3 feet deep, 4-5 feet deep in the woods. The cold was intense, often 45 degrees below zero F. The ice measured 5 feet seven inches. The freezing began in late October.
Cecelia Trotier, Ottawa Metis, b-1825 St. Ignace daughter Francois Trotier, Metis and Ottawa Metis Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Peter Skene Ogden (1790-1854) a violent man and William Kittson were sent into the Snake River Country, south of the Columbia River to trap the country bare. They had 58 men including Charles McKay, 10 engages, 53 Freemen, 30 wives and 35 children. The reached as far south as the Great Salt Lake, Utah.
William H. Ashley (1778-1838) and Andrew Henry b-1775 and 25 men out of Saint Louis, Missouri traveled to Yellowstone to trade. They made a Mackinac boat and traveled by horse back Mr Harn and wife, Clyman and Fitzpatrick considered themselves as Mountain Men. On this trip 29 H.B.C. men deserted to join the Ashley Rocky Mountain Fur Company.
January 30: The St. Pauls Anglican Church of Red River opened for business. This was a very bad winter. There were no buffalo, only famine in the Red River.
February 8: Cahokia, marriage, (V)-Louis Lepage, Metis son (IV)-Joseph Lepage, Metis, and Therese Gaudin: married 1st Marie Trothier; married 2nd November 3, 1829 Cahokia, Adelaide Rov
February 9: Russia and Britian established the Canada Alaska boarder to the detriment of Canada.
April: At Fort Carlton, Chief Factor John Stewart noted that all the women were out making sugar.
June 22: St. Louis, Missouri, marriage Michel Robidou and (V)-Suzanne Vaudry daughter (IV)-Antoine Vaudry born May 17, 1747 and (IV)-Anne Agnes Bourassa et Brassard, b-1757.
July 26: birth Alex Sailor, Indian, died February 28, 1917 Saulte Ste Marie, Michigan
September 26: birth William McDonald, listed white, died March 6, 1911 Sault St. Marie Michigan.
November: John Franklin (1786-1847) describes his men playing ice hockey on frozen Great Bear Lake, North West Territories, they were using skates. Franklin wrote "till the snow fell the game of hockey played on the ice was the morning sport."
1826
Mr. Armitinger is living on the Canadian side of Sault Ste Marie. Chippewa County and the Seat of Justice were established at Sault de Ste Marie or, as some call it, St. Mary's Village.
Henry Bailly, Ottawa/Ojibwa Metis, b-1826 Grand River, son Francis Bailly Ottawa Metis, b-1805 and Ojibwa squaw (iskwao) whom the chief Ka-she-way says is his cousin, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. (Squaw is a very insulting English word.)
Augusta Bazelette, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826, arrived 1833 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother a Menomonie. Augusta bound to the mission.
Angelique Belonger, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1826 Mackinac listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as from the Leech Lake Indians. Paul Belonger is husband.
Mary Blanchard, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826 St. Ignace daughter Isaac Blanchard and Ojibwa Metis woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Joseph Boissoneau, in 1846, claimed to have occupied the same spot on the North Bank of St. Mary's River (Sault Ste Marie) from 1826 to 1846. He claimed authority from Major Weinniett when commanding Drummand Island. He also says that Mademoiselle St. George, now in Montreal, holds the west part under the same authority. Joseph Boisenneault Jr. claims a part of his fathers rights and the rest by possession.
Charlotte Bradley, Ojibwa Metis, b-1820, arrived 1826 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as father resides in Chicago and children are at school in the district.
(IV)-Archangle Cadotte born 1798 Red Lake Falls, Wisconsin daughter (IV)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte (1761-1818) and Marie Janette Piquette also known as Saugemauqua married about 1826 Sault Ste Marie, Michigan a Louis Gurnoe born 1790 LaPointe, Wisconsin.
James Calder, Metis, b-1826 N.W. son Marcus Calder and Maggie Cree; married Maria Gibson b-1834 Red River daughter William Gibson and Mary.
Duncan Campbell born 1802 who married Dakota woman is trading Fort Barbour at St. Croix Falls.
Hannah Campbell, Ojibwa Metis, born 1826 Mackinac daughter John Campbell, Ojibwa Metis and White Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Joseph D. Cameron, who is married to an Indian woman, recorded at Lac La Pluie in 1826 that the Oat-che-buoys are treachery, insolence, superstition and drunkenness. Hostility is greeted with hostility. Lac La Pluie (Rainy Lake) is 90 miles south of Lac Seul.
Sophia Cantwa, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826 daughter Alphonse Cantwa, Pawnee Metis, b-1786 Saulte Ste Marie and Ojibwa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Bela Chapman Sr., Metis, b-1806 arrived 1826 Mackinac, living Milwakey, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Mary Chapman, Ojibwa Metis, b-1806, arrived 1826 Mackinac, married to Bela Chapman Sr., and listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Accepted as lives in Mackinac, traveled on business to Green Bay and put on list at request of council of chiefs.
Elizabeth Chapman, Ojibwa Metis b-1822, arrived 1826 Mackinac, daughter Bela Chapman Sr., and Mary Chapman, Ojibwa Metis, b-1806, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Reuben Chapman, Ojibwa Metis b-1824, arrived 1826 Mackinac, child Bela Chapman Sr., and Mary Chapman, Ojibwa Metis, b-1806, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Amanda Chapman, Ojibwa Metis b-1826, Mackinac, daughter Bela Chapman Sr., and Mary Chapman, Ojibwa Metis, b-1806, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Susan Charboneau, Ojibwa Metis, b-1806, arrived 1826, St. Ignace, wife Louis Charbeau, Ojibwa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Nancy Collins, Ojibwa Metis, b-1825, arrived 1826 Mackinac, son of Collins Metis listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother a British Indian.
William Davenport, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826, arrived 1833 Mackinac son Ambrose Davenport and Indian from Lac Du Flambeau, listed March 28, 1836 treaty, rejected.
Henry Davenport, Ojibwa Metis, b-1828, arrived 1833 Mackinac son Ambrose Davenport and Indian from Lac Du Flambeau, listed March 28, 1836 treaty, rejected.
Isabella Dingley, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826, Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother a La Point Indian.
Hercules Dousman of the American Fur Company is assigned to Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.
Catherine Ermitanger baptised Drummond Island daughter Thomas Ermitanger and Genevieve Spanard, possible daughter Charles Spenard and Genevieve Dufault and thus possible sister to Charlotte (Spenard) Giroux. Source Cindy Leutz.
Nancy Farley, Ojibwa Metis, b-1820, arrived 1826 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Bound to the mission by Father.
James Fenimore Cooper in his famous novel 'The Last of The Mohicans' wrote; his Canadian fathers...taught him to drink the fire-water, and he became a rascal. By 1861 the term fire-water was in general usage.
John Baptiste Fontaine, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as only 1/8 Indian blood.
Charles Gauthier married Hudson Bay Betsy England adopted daughter of James England.
Louis Gornow (Gornor), Ojibwa Metis, b-1790, arrived 1826 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Louis Gournon, alias Gornow (Garneau) (1790-1865), moved to Sault Ste Marie, Michigan, as noted in the 1836 mixed blood treaty records.
Albert Gravereat, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826 Mackinac, son Henry Gravereat and Charlotte Ojibwa Metis b-1790, listed March 28, 1836.
Mrs. Pierre Gronda, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817, arrived 1826 St. Ignace wife Pierre Gronda, Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Samuel Jackson, Ojibwa Metis, b-1820, arrived 1826 Mackinac, son Jackson and Angelick Ojibway, b-1800 listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Bound to the mission.
Therese Jackson, Ojibwa Metis, b-1818, arrived 1826 Mackinac, a servant of E. Biddle, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Margaritta Le Cuyer, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826, arrived 1831 Mackinac, daughter Joseph Le Cuyer, and Ojibwa Metia Woman b-1806, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Birth likely Red River, Marie Louis Leveille, Metis, (1826-1872) daughter Paul Leveille, (1783-1876) and Julie McKenzie, Metis (1806-1846): married Pierre Tche-mar-nay Falcon son Pierre Diverssant dit Falcon and Marie Grant.
Madeleine Lozon, Ottawa Metis, b-1826 Mackinac, daughter Joseph Lozon, Ottawa Metis, and Nancy Ottawa Metis, b-1806, Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
William McGulpin, Ottawa Metis, b-1826 Mackinac son David McGulpin and Ottawa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
John McNinch, Ojibwa Metis, b-1818, arrived 1826 Mackinac, son McNinch and Angelick Ojibway, Ojibwa Metis b-1800, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. John is bound to the mission.
William Morgan of Batavia New York was captured and murdered by fellow Masons for divulging fraternity secrets.
The Reverend A.G. Morice noted that the Iroquois are a sizable element of the Hudson Bay Companies engages in New Caledonia. They also brought the technology of constructing birch bark canoes, which the local people did not possess. Many Iroquois married local women and settled in the region.
Louisa Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1820, arrived Sault Ste Marie, daughter Louis Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1788 arrived 1812 Sault Ste Marie, and Mary Ojibwa Metis b-1802 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28., 1836 treaty.
Herion Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1822, arrived Sault Ste Marie, son Louis Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1788 arrived 1812 Sault Ste Marie, and Mary Ojibwa Metis b-1802 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28., 1836 treaty.
Angelick Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1826 Sault Ste Marie, daughter Louis Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1788 arrived 1812 Sault Ste Marie, and Mary Ojibwa Metis b-1802 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28., 1836 treaty.
Marie Pamprun, Metis, (1826-1890), born Fraser Lake, British Columbia daughter Pierre Pamprun HBC trader and Catherine Humpherville, Metis, born Hudson bay daughter Thomas Humpherville and Cree or Metis; married Fort Vancouver Forbes Barclay.
Norman Peck, Ojibwa Metis, b-1818, arrived 1826 Mackinac, father dead, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Bound to the mission.
Joseph Robinson, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826 St. Ignace, son Francis Robertson, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Grand child of the chief at Iroquois Point.
Sophia Rousseau, Ottawa Metis, b-1826 Mackinac, daughter of Rousseau who ran away and Agatha Ottawa woman, listed March 28, 1836, treaty
Catherine Rowland, Ojibwa Metis b-1819, arrived 1826 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. An orphan at the mission.
(I)- George Simpson (1787-1860) became Governor of the Southern District and Montreal posts as well as his Northern post to become what some called the Little Emperor, his reign was to last until 1857.
Antoine Snaikell?, Ojibwa Metis, b-1824, arrived 1826 Mackinac, abandoned by father and Ojibwa mother dead, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Mary Snaikal?, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826, Mackinac, abandoned by father and Ojibwa mother dead, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
John Tanner Jr. Ottawa Metis, b-1826 arrived 1828 Sault Ste Marie son John Tanner Sr. and Ottawa woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Margaritta Terrien, Ottawa Metis, b-1826 St. Ignace, daughter Isaac Terrien and Ottawa Woman (Angelique), this is second husband, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Edward Warren, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as living La Point the last two years.
Stephen Wells, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826, arrived 1827 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother from La Pointe tribe.
Susan Yarns, Ojibwa Metis, b-1826 Mackinac daughter Yarns, both parents are dead, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Until this year, white people could be sold as indentured servants in the United States. Andrew Johnson (1808-1875), who became President in 1865, was a runaway slave, and advertisements appeared in newspapers in an attempt to get him back. He eventually married Elizabeth McCardle (1810-1876) and became a slave owner.
Thomas L McKenny, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, visited Sault Ste Marie to prepare for the Treaty of Fond Du Lac. He, however, was more interested in the Metis women of the area. John Johnsons daughters, Jane and Eliza, were of particular interest, as was the daughter of Armatinger. He also was in awe that his canoe men had taken the canoe out of the water; mended a breach; reloaded it; cooked breakfast; shaved; washed; ate and re-embarked, all in 57 minutes. The normal standard for this procedure is 60 minutes, which suggests McKenney knew little of the trade business. He also reported that on the Lake Superior run they began at 3:00 AM and by 7:00 PM had paddled 57,600 strokes. When asked, they said that they were not tired yet. They eventually camped at 9:30 PM.
Mr. H. R. Schoolcraft is the current Indian Agent with his twenty-two year old Chippewa wife. Captain Elijah Boardman is the Captain Commanding the detachment, and Lieutenant Julius Kingsbury commands the second infantry. T. Pitcher is assistant surgeon. (IV)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte (1761-1818) children are reported given a section of land each under the treaty of 1826. One section of land is given to Saugemauqua widow of the late (IV)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte (1797-1818) and to her children (V)-Louison Cadotte (1802-1871), Sophia Cadotte, Archangel Cadotte (1798), Edward Cadotte and Polly Cadotte, one section each. Unfortunately, this part of the treaty is never ratified and the half-breeds (Metis) of Lake Superior are left without land.
February 6: At Red River, Donald McKenzie at Fort Garry wrote to Andrew Colvile that the settlement was prosperous and tranquil. A new grain mill had finally been put into operation, and 1,600 bushels of wheat were in store for Norway House.
March 21: Father Richard of Detroit reports that 600 Canadian voyagers assembled at Mackinac every year between the first of May and the first of October. Father Richard also reports the population at Sault Ste Marie on the American side is forty seven men, thirty women, and seventy five children. Those living on the St. Maries River, however, are 75 men, 112 women and 55 children. Louis Gurno, his wife, and three children under 21 years are listed, as is (V)-Louis Cadott and wife. They are listed in the July 23, 1827 census of Township St. Marie County Chippewa. A (V)-Michael Cadotte (1787-1856), with eight children, is listed as residing at La Point and a (V)-Jean Baptiste Cadotte (b1790), with four children, is located at Snake River. The Mestizoes or Metis primarily occupy Sault Ste Marie, Mackinac and small detached of settlements on the frontier. Those French also occupy Detroit and Monroe. At St. Mary, fishing for white fish and brook trout is the primary occupation, followed by the making of maple sugar. The gardens include potatoes, oats, peas and strawberries. Mr. John Johnson, age 64, an Irishman, married to Oshauguscodaywaygua, age 54, daughter of Chief Wa-ba-jick of Le Pointe, runs the establishment, and they have three sons and four daughters.
May 5: A flood drove many Red River farmers from their homes. This great flood carried away houses, cattle and trees. They were swept away in 1/2 hour when an ice jam broke. Fortunately, only five people are killed. Three churches and the mill survived. This is the largest flood in recorded times. They survived by digging cellars in the prairies, roofed with sod, and thereby lived underground through the winter; much as the first Scots had when they arrived. Many departed for the United States and some estimate the number was as high as 500 people. The flood waters didn't crest until May 22. Most of the Swiss and German mercenaries, some 250, quit Red River. Some suggest over 500 in all departed Red River.
October 9: The Stone Indians are severely reprimanded by the Chief Factor at Edmonton House for attempting to steal horses. A few years later at the same location, a group of Assiniboines, some of whom were in disgrace for stealing, set fire to the long grass across the river, threatening the Edmonton agricultural operation on the south bank of the river.
October 14: The plains are on fire, which is started by Joseph La Doceur, tenting with our hunters, or by those roving scoundrels- the Stone Indians. The Stone Indians will light fire to the grass at Fort Carlton next season.
1827
Mary Boadwine, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, arrived 1833 St. Ignace daughter Joseph Beaudwin, Ojibwa Metis and Angelick Boadwine, Ojibwa Metis, b-1798, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
John Baptiste Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827 Sault Ste Marie son Louis Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis b-1806 Sault Ste Marie and Lucy Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis b-1814 La Pointe, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Upper Mississippi District, Joseph S. Campbell, Metis born 1827/36 died 1869 son Scott Campbell, Metis (1790's-1851) and Dakota woman; married Mary Anne.
George Campbell, Metis born about 1827/32 died before 1855 Upper Mississippi District son Duncan Campbell born 1802 and Dakota woman; married Dakota woman.
Mary Cheveaux, Ojibwa, b-1801, arrived 1827 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected, Wife of Joseph Cheveaux. Of Mississippi origin. [ ] say she is from Font du Lac.
Francis Dauphiny, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, Mackinac, son Francois Dauphiny, and Josette Ojibwa Metis, b-1800, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as from Leech Lake Indians.
Francis Decotau, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, Mackinac, son Nicholas Decotaw and Ojibwa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Geneviere Dufault, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, arrived 1829 St. Ignace, daughter Francois Default, Ojibwa Metis b-1796 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28, 1826 treaty.
Elizabeth Farling, Ojibwa Metis, b-1817, arrived 1827 Mackinac, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Does not live with parents.
Nicol Finlayson of the Hudson Bay Company, married to an Indian woman, noted that he would have not taken any rabbits were it not for the fact that they are starving this season. The Hudson Bay Company takes a mini census of Red River but ignores the majority of the population- the Freetraders, Metis and Indians.
Lucelle Genereux, Ottawa Metis, b-1837, Grand River, daughter of trader who died and Mary Ojibwa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Mother called herself Indian but was 1/2 blood.
Electa Gibson, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827 Mackinac wife Robert Gibson Metis and Ojibwa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Edward Gornow (Gornor), Ojibwa Metis b-1827 Sault Ste Marie son Louis Gornow (Gornor), Ojibwa Metis b-1790 and Archangel Gornow (Gornor) aka Cadotte, Ojibwa Metis, b-1798, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Angelique Grenon, aka Gourneau, Metis, b-1827, died after 1861 daughter, Joseph George Guernon, aka Gorneau, Guernon, & Gernon, Metis, b-1795 La Pointe, Wisconsin, died after 1854 son Joseph Guernon and Nowanankkee b-1794; married June 24, 1850, Pembina Dakota Territory, Alexis Jourdain, Metis, b-1825, d-1861, son Jean Baptiste Jourdain and Marguerite Saskaihutewekkwe
White Horse Plain, Red River, birth Peter Hourie, died 1910 Regina, Saskatchewan son of an Orkneyman and a Snake Indian.
Louison Hubert, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827 St. Ignace son Jack Hubert, Ojibwa Metis and Ojibwa Metis Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
John George Johnston, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827 arrived 1829 Sault Ste Marie, son George Johnson and Ojibwa Metis, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Lisette Lapelle, Ojibwa Metis, b-1816, arrived 1827, Mackinac, daughter Louis Lapelle, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Louis lives at La Point in winter, comes into district and spends his summers. This is his home.
James Lasley, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, Mackinac, son Samuel Lasley Jr. and his squaw (iskwao) wife, who is sister to Shaw-en-e-ge-sick, chief of the Bay de Noque Band, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. (Squaw is a very insulting English word.)
John McGulpin, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, Mackinac son George McGulpin Sr., Ojibwa Metis, b-1762, Mackinac and Ojibwa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Angelique McClure, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827 Mackinac, abandoned by father, Ojibwa mother dead, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Antoine Martin, Ottawa/Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, St. Ignace, son Louis Martin, Ojibwa Metis and Ottawa Woman, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Joseph Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1827, arrived 1828 Sault Ste Marie, son Louis Nowlin (Nolin), Ojibwa Metis, b-1788 arrived 1812 Sault Ste Marie, and Mary Ojibwa Metis b-1802 Sault Ste Marie, listed March 28., 1836 treaty.
Sault Ste. Marie, birth, Mary Piquette, Ojibwa Metis, died before 1836, daughter Francis Piquette, b-1800, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Considered of the old stock.
Angelik Piquette, Ojibwa Metis, b-1827 Sault Ste Marie daughter Joseph Piquette Sr. a Canadian who ran away and Angeliick Ojibway, Ojibwa Metis, b-1800 Sault Ste Marie, epouse Gitsheo Ojibway an Indian, listed March 28, 1836 treaty.
Joseph (Akipa) Renville (1779-1846), Metis, is firmly established at Lac Qui Parle, having built Fort Renville/Adams and maintaining an army of warriors called Tokadantee or Prairie Dogs.
Harriet Romaine, Ojibwa Metis, b-1821, arrived 1827 Mackinac, listed, March 28, 1836 treaty. Rejected as mother a British Indian.
Joseph Rondo born 1797 Montreal married Red River Josephine Beauleau (Boileau) born 1810 Kootenais.
Catherine St. Onge, Ojibwa Metis, b-1810, arrived 1827 Mackinac, wife of Lewis St. Onge, listed March 28, 1836 treaty. Her relatives are of Saint Marie Indians.
Fort Langley is established on the Fraser River 20 miles east of Vancouver, B.C. It was abandoned in 1839 and relocated 22 miles upstream, it burned in 1840 and was rebuilt. This fort was eventually abandoned in 1886.
June 27: Fort Langley (B.C.) is established by Jame MacMillan and a company of men.
Louis Nabes, Metis, born July, 1827, N.W. son Louis Nabes and Nancy Ledoux, Metis, b-1815; married Marie Bousquet, Metis, born January 17, 1837, N.W. daughter, Michel Louis Bousquet and LaLouise Vandette, Metis b-1820, died April 30, 1890 St. Laurent de Grandin, (Saskatchewan).
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