UNDERSTANDING NATURAL GAS HYDRATES
A One-Day Course for Engineers

Instructor - John J. Carroll

Page last updated: December 9, 2008.
Course brochure in PDF format here.

Malaysia John Carroll of Gas Liquids Engineering Ltd. and Sphere Technology Connection Ltd. are please to offer the one-day course Understanding Natural Gas Hydrates. This course is designed for engineers and scientists working in the petroleum industry. Senior operators will benefit from attending as well. The program includes a basic theoretical treatment of hydrates and practical applications. To obtain full benefit, participants in this course should have some knowledge of the background chemistry.

The course includes a copy of the book Natural Gas Hydrates: A Guide for Engineers and a complementary set of course notes both written by the course instructor. Also included are some informative video presentations. Depending on the location, the course includes a demonstration of the formation of a hydrate. Unfortunately this requires special equipment that is not available everywhere. If the demonstrations are not possible in your location, videos of the demonstrations will be substituted.

The details are as follows:


Upcoming dates:


Previous sessions have been held in:

Previous Sponsors:

If your company or group would like to sponsor the course in your location please contact us for additional details. To some extent, the course can be tailored to fit the needs of your company or group.


The course outline is provided below, however, for more information about the course, and in particular its content and schedule, contact Alice Wu (including registration): Sphere Technology Connection or John Carroll or via regular mail at:


Alice Wu
Sphere Technology Connection
P.O. Box. 98071 Falconridge RPC
Calgary, Alberta, Canada T3J 0K6



- Course Outline -

  • the water molecule and the hydrogen bond
    • water is different (Periodic Table)
      • boiling point
      • enthalpy of vaporization
      • expansion upon freezing
    • the structure of ice

  • hydrate formers and non-hydrate formers
    • Type I
    • Type II
    • Type H
    • structures of the hydrates

  • hydrate compositions
    • theoretical composition
    • actual compositions

  • calculation of hydrate forming conditions
    • hand calculation methods
      • gas gravity method
      • K-factor method
    • sample calculations
    • advanced calculation methods
      • van der Waals and Platteeuw
      • Parrish and Prausnitz
      • Ng and Robinson
    • software demonstrations

  • combating hydrate formation
    • chemicals
      • inhibitors
      • Hammerschmidt equation
      • estimating injection inhibitor rates
    • heat
      • line heaters
      • heat tracing
    • dehydration
      • glycol dehydration
      • refrigeration
      • molecular sieves

  • water content of gas


  • phase diagrams
    • phase loci
    • triple points
    • quadruple points
    • pressure-temperature diagrams
    • pressure-composition diagrams
    • temperature-composition diagrams

  • natural occurrence of hydrates
In addition, throughout the course the controversy over the need for free-water in order to form a hydrate is addressed. By the end of the day, participants will be convinced that free water is not required in order to form hydrates.